An Assessment of Indoor Environmental Quality in School Buildings in the State of Kuwait
Source: By:Jamal Al-Hubail, Abdul-Salam Al-Temeemi
DOI: https://doi.org/10.30564/frae.v2i2.615
Abstract:In this study, indoor quality and environmental comfort were investigated in secondary school buildings located in the State of Kuwait. Comfort variables such as temperature and relative humidity (thermal comfort), noise (acoustic comfort), illumination (visual comfort), as well as allocated classroom floor area per student (spatial comfort) were measured. Data was collected over a 7-month period on a spot basis during school hours in student-occupied classrooms at 46 selected schools. The measured data was then compared to international guidelines and standards related to indoor environment quality. The data for noise and allocated space were shown to be in the comfort ranges in all the schools. However, 11% of the schools are not adequately illuminated, 33% had temperatures not within the recommended limits, and 22% of the schools had humidity levels either higher or lower than the recommended levels. Also, 9% of the schools had low illumination readings.
In addition, during the data monitoring, a survey was conducted by which the student occupants completed a questionnaire so that subjective and objective evaluations could be compared. The findings of the questionnaire displayed significant correlations between the measured data and some ailments and other complaints experienced by the students.
Ultimately, the results found in this research will provide a baseline for comparison with future indoor environment quality assessments in buildings. Furthermore, recommendations are suggested in order to improve the environmental quality problems encountered in some of the schools, which may be beneficial for policymakers, facilities managers, and design engineers.References:
[1] P. Paevere, S. Brown, A. Leaman, M. Luther, R. Adams, Indoor environment quality and occupant productivity in the CH2 building, in: SB08: Proceedings of the 2008 International Scientific Committee World Sustainable Building Conference, 2008, pp. 222-229. [2] O. Seppanen, W.J. Fisk, D. Faulkner, Cost benefit analysis of the night-time ventilative cooling in office building, in: Proceedings of the Healthy Buildings 2003 Conference, 2003, pp. 394-399. [3] A.P. Jones, Indoor air quality and health, Atmos. Environ. 33 (28) (1999) 4535-4564. [4] Y.H. Mi, D. Norbäck, J. Tao, Y.L. Mi, M. Ferm, Current asthma and respiratory symptoms among pupils in Shanghai, China: influence of building ventilation, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and formaldehyde in classrooms, Indoor Air 16 (6) (2006) 454-464. [5] P. Sarafis, K. Sotiriadou, D. Dallas, P. Stavrakakis, M. Chalaris, Sick-building syndrome, J. Environ. Prot. Ecol. 11 (2) (2010) 515–522. [6] D.J. Van der Voordt, H.B. van Wegen, Architecture in Use. Routledge, 2007. [7] T. Redman, P. Hamilton, H. Malloch, B. Kleymann, Working here makes me sick! The consequences of sick building syndrome, Hum. Resour. Manage. J. 21 (1) (2011) 14-27. [8] D. Mudarri, Public health consequences and cost of climate change impacts on indoor environments. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010. [9] D.J. Satterlee, J.M. Molavi, M.E. Williams, An evaluation of early education based on physical environmental guidelines, SAGE Open 5 (2) (2015) 1-11. [10] K.D. Fisher, Building better outcomes: the impact of school infrastructure on student outcomes and behavior, Department of Education, Training and Youth Affairs, 2000. [11] B.T. Doane, The relationship between school facilities and academic achievement, Master's Thesis, Ohio University, 2008. [12] National Center for Education Statistics. Condition of America’s public school facilities: 1999 (NCES 2000-032). U.S. Department of Education, 2000. [13] P.R. Boyce, Why daylight? In: Proceedings of Daylighting ’98, 1998, pp. 359–366. [14] R. Küller, The influence of light on circarhythms in humans, J. Physiol. Anthropol. Appl. Hum. Sci. 21 (2) (2002) 87-91. [15] SteelCase, Seeing the Difference: The Importance of Quality Lighting in the Workplace. SteelCase Inc., 1999. [16] B. Erwine, Lighting, in: Safe and Healthy School Environments, Oxford University Press, New York, 2006, pp. 20–33. [17] R. Küller, The effects of indoor lighting on well-being and the annual rhythm of hormones, in: CIE 21st Session, 1987, pp. 342-345. [18] T. Hwang, J.T. Kim, Effects of indoor lighting on occupants’ visual comfort and eye health in a green building, Indoor Built Environ. 20 (1) (2011) 75-90. [19] Heschong-Mahone Group, Skylighting and Retail Sales: An Investigation into the Relationship between Daylighting and Human Performance, Sacramento, CA: Pacific Gas and Electric Company, 1999. [20] J.J. Saade, A.H. Ramadan, Control of thermal-visual comfort and air quality in indoor environments through a fuzzy inference-based approach, Int. J. Math. Models Methods Appl. Sci. 2 (2008) 213-221. [21] X. Yu, Y. Su, Daylight availability assessment and its potential energy saving estimation–A literature review, Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 52 (2015) 494-503. [22] L. Huang, Y. Zhu, Q. Ouyang, B. Cao, A study on the effects of thermal, luminous, and acoustic environments on indoor environmental comfort in offices, Build. Environ. 49 (2012) 304-309. [23] H. Juslén, Lighting and Productivity in The Industrial Working Place, in: Lighting Engineering, 2006, pp. 53-62. [24] M. Winterbottom, A. Wilkins, Lighting and discomfort in the classroom, J. Environ. Psychol. 29 (1) (2009) 63-75. [25] A. Nabil, J. Mardaljevic, Useful daylight illuminances: A replacement for daylight factors, Energy Build. 38 (7) (2006) 905-913. [26] J. Wienold, Daylight glare in offices. Fraunhofer-Verlag, 2010. [27] F.W. Banghart, A. Trull, Jr., Educational Planning, New York: The Macmillan Company, 1973. [28] D.F. Cotts, M. Lee, The Facility Maintenance Handbook. Washington, DC: American Management Association, 1992. [29] D.G. Carnevale, Physical settings of work: A theory of the effects of environmental form, Pub. Prod. Manage. Rev. July 1 (1992) 423-436. [30] J. Wakefield, Learning the hard way: the poor environment of America's schools, Environ. Health Perspect. 110 (6) (2002) A298. [31] Y.M. Epstein, Crowding stress and human behavior, J. Social Issues, 37 (1) (1981) 126-144. [32] D.C.C.K. Kowaltowski, M.S. Deliberador, P.R.P. Perreira, Designing the positive public school environment: a Brazilian perspective, in: Noise and ergonomics in the workplace, Nova Publishers, NY, USA, 2013, pp. 1–33. [33] G.W. Evans, Learning and the Physical Environment, In: Public Institutions for Personal Learning: Establishing a Research Agenda, American Association of Museums, Washington, DC, 1994, pp. 119–26. [34] J.F. Wohlwill, W. Van Vliet, Habitats for Children: the Impact of Density, Psychology Press, 2013. [35] ICC, International Building Code. International Code Council Inc., Country Club Hills, IL., USA, 2014. [36] P.D. Spreiregen, B. De Paz, Pre-design, Kaplan AEC Architecture, 2005. [37] ASHRAE, Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy, ASHRAE Standard 55, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, Georgia, 2013. [38] D.J. Clements-Croome, Indoor environment and productivity, in: Creating the productive workplace, Taylor & Francis, 2006, pp. 53-82. [39] M.J. Mendell, A.G. Mirer, Indoor thermal factors and symptoms in office workers: findings from the US EPA BASE study, Indoor Air, 19 (4) (2009) 365-368. [40] K. Heidorn, “A simple guide to personal thermal comfort”, (1997) [online]. Available: http://www.islandnet.com/~see/living/winter/personalcomfort.htm , Accessed date 24 March 2017. [41] Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, “Thermal comfort for office work”, (2011) [online]. Available: http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/phys_agents/thermal_comfort.html , Accessed date 7 April 2017. [42] D.K. Milton, P.M. Glencross, M.D. Walters, Risk of sick leave associated with outdoor air supply rate, humidification, and occupant complaints, Indoor air 10 (4) (2000) 212-221. [43] Z.S. Zomorodian, M. Tahsildoost, M. Hafezi, Thermal comfort in educational buildings: A review article, Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 59 (2016) 895-906. [44] R. Schulte, B. Bridges, D. Grimsrud, Continuous IAQ monitoring, ASHRAE J. 47 (5) (2005) 38. [45] R. Walden, School Environments, in: Encyclopedia of Applied Psychology, Elsevier, New York, 2004, pp. 327-338. [46] C.S. Cash, Building condition and student achievement and behavior, PhD Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1993. [47] C.S. Weinstein, The physical environment of the school: A review of the research, Rev. Educ. Res. 49 (4) (1979) 577-610. [48] S.P. Corgnati, M. Filippi, S. Viazzo, Perception of the thermal environment in high school and university classrooms: Subjective preferences and thermal comfort, Build. Environ. 42 (2) (2007) 951-959. [49] B.W. Roberts, R.W. Robins, Person‐Environment fit and its implications for personality development: A longitudinal study, J. Pers. 72 (1) (2004) 89-110. [50] T.A. Lashari, M. Alias, M.J. Kesot, Z.A. Akasah, The Effect of an Integrated Affective-Cognitive Teaching and Learning Approach on Academic Achievement, Self-Efficacy, Locus of Control and Attitude Towards Engineering, J. Tech. Educ. Train. 6 (1) (2014). [51] M.C. Lee, K.W. Mui, L.T. Wong, W.Y. Chan, E.W.M. Lee, C.T. Cheung, Student learning performance and indoor environmental quality (IEQ) in air-conditioned university teaching rooms, Build. Environ. 49 (1) (2012) 238-244. [52] K. Engvall, C. Norrby, D. Norbäck, Sick building syndrome in relation to building dampness in multi-family residential buildings in Stockholm, Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 74, (4) (2001) 270-278. [53] J.J.K. Jaakkola, Temperature and Humidity, in: Safe and Healthy School Environments, Oxford University Press, New York, 2006, pp. 46–57. [54] G.W. Evans, R. Stecker, Motivational consequences of environmental stress, J. Environ. Psychol. 24 (2) (2004) 143-165. [55] O.S. Oyedepo, A.A. Saadu, Evaluation and analysis of noise levels in Ilorin metropolis, Nigeria. Environ. Monit. Assess. 160 (1) (2010) 563-577. [56] R.A. Dobie, W.W. Clark, Exchange rates for intermittent and fluctuating occupational noise: A systematic review of studies of human permanent threshold shift. Ear Hear. 35 (1) (2014) 86-96. [57] L.E. Maxwell, Noise, in: Safe and Healthy School Environments, University Press, Oxford, 2006, pp. 34-45. [58] B.M. Shield, J.E. Dockrell, The effects of environmental noise on child academic attainments. In Proceedings of the Institute of Acoustics, 24 (6) (2002). [59] A.B.M. Lacerda, C.G.O. Gonçalves, G. Lacerda, D.C.B. Lobato, L. Santos, A.C. Moreira, A. Ribas. Childhood hearing health: educating for prevention of hearing loss, Int. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol. 19 (1) (2015): 16-21. [60] S.G. Kujawa, M.C. Liberman, Acceleration of age-related hearing loss by early noise exposure: evidence of a misspent youth. J. Neurosci. 26 (7) (2006) 2115-2123. [61] M.M. Haines, S.A. Stansfeld, R.F.S. Job, B. Berglund, Chronic aircraft noise exposure and child cognitive performance and stress, in: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Noise as a Public Health Problem, 1998, vol. 1, pp. 329-335. [62] P. Lundquist, A. Kjellberg, K. Holmberg, Evaluating effects of the classroom environment: development of an instrument for the measurement of self-reported mood among school children, J. Environ. Psychol. 22 (3) (2002) 289-293. [63] U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, “OSHA Technical Manual – Noise”, (2013) [Online]. Available: https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/new_noise/index.pdf , Accessed date: 22 May 2016. [64] M. Aliabadi, N. Mahdavi, M. Farhadian, M.S. Motlagh, Evaluation of noise pollution and acoustic comfort in the classrooms of Hamadan University of medical sciences in 2012, J. Ergon. 1 (2) (2013) 19-27. [65] V. Duran-Narucki, School building condition, school attendance, and academic achievement in New York City public schools: A mediation model, J. Environ. Psychol. 28 (3) (2008) 278–286. [66] E. Boman, I. Enmarker, Factors affecting pupils’ noise annoyance in schools: The building and testing of models, Environ. Behav. 36 (2) (2004) 207–228. [67] C.C. Crandell, J.J. Smaldino, C. Flexer, Sound field amplification: Applications to speech perception and classroom acoustics. Clifton Park, NY: Thomson Delmar Learning, 2005. [68] M.A. Crook, F.J. Langdon, The effects of aircraft noise in schools around London airport, J. Sound Vib. 34 (2) (1974) 221–232. [69] S. Hygge, G.W. Evans, M. Bullinger, The Munich airport noise study: Cognitive effects on children from before to after the change over of airports. In International congress on noise control engineering, pp. 2189-2194, 1996. [70] M. Mendell, G. Heath, Do indoor pollutants and thermal conditions in schools influence student performance? A critical review of the literature, Indoor Air. 15 (1) (2005) 27-52. [71] D.J. Clements-Croome, H.B. Awbi, Z. Bako-Biro, N. Kochhar, M. Williams, Ventilation rates in schools, Build. Environ. 43 (2008) 362-367. [72] S.P. Corgnati, M. Filippi, S. Viazzo, Perception of the thermal environment in high school and university classrooms: subjective preferences and thermal comfort, Build. Environ. 42 (2) (2007) 951-959. [73] M.A. Humphreys, A study of the thermal comfort of primary school children in summer, Build. Environ. 4 (12) (1977) 231-9. [74] P.H. Zannin, C.R. Marcon, Objective and subjective evaluation of the acoustic comfort in classrooms, Appl. Ergon. 38 (5) (2007) 675-680. [75] K.E. Al-Rashidi, D.L. Loveday, N.K. Al-Mutawa, Investigating the applicability of different thermal comfort models in Kuwait classrooms in hybrid air-conditioning mode, in: 1st International Conference on Sustainability in Energy and Buildings, Brighton, UK, 2009. [76] “Authors” (2015) [77] P. Ricciardi, C. Buratti, Thermal comfort in the Fraschini theatre (Pavia, Italy): Correlation between data from questionnaires, measurements, and mathematical model, Energy Build. 99 (2015) 243-252. [78] S.M. Kennedy, M. Hodgson, Subjective assessment of listening environments in university classrooms: perceptions of students, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 119 (1) (2006) 299-309. [79] B. Risavi, R. Wadas, C. Thomas, D. Kupas, A novel method for continuous environmental surveillance for carbon monoxide exposure to protect emergency medical service providers and patients, J. Emerg. Med. 44 (3) (2013) 637-640. [80] E. Chatzidiakou, D. Mumovic, A. Summerfield, H. Altamirano, Indoor air quality in London schools. Part 1: ‘performance in use’, Intell. Build. Int. 7 (2e3) (2014) 101-129. [81] L. Shou, J. Hayes, W. Cheng, C. Wu, T. Townsend, T. Vinson, et al., Characterization of ammonia gas release from concrete added with ammoniated fly ash, Air quality, Atmos. Health 7 (4) (2014) 505-513. [82] A. Macedo, O. Magalhaes, A. Brito, O. Mayan, Characterization of indoor ~ environmental quality in primary schools in Maia: a Portuguese case study, Human and ecological risk assessment, Int. J. 19 (1) (2013) 126-136.