Cortisol Response in Breast Cancer: The Role of Physical Activity and Exercise

Source:
By:Authors

DOI: https://doi.org/10.30564/jer.v4i2.4943

Abstract:

Chronic stress is a consistent sense of feeling pressured and overwhelmedfor a long period of time and it has been defined as a maladaptive state thatis associated with altered hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis. Thehyperactivity of the HPA axis is commonly assessed by cortisol levels.Physical activity (PA) and exercise have been demonstrated to regulatecortisol patterns in different healthy study populations, but also in BCpatients and survivors. The PA and exercise are related but have distinctconcepts that are commonly misused. Nowadays, the regular practice of PAand exercise has been widely recognized as one main strategy to managechronic stress and its related markers, like cortisol, remains elusive. In thepresent review, the authors focused on the evidence of the PA and exerciseon cortisol patterns of BC patients and survivors.

References:

[1]Siegel, R.L., Miller, K.D., Jemal, A., 2019. Cancer statistics. Ca A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 1(1), 7-34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21551 [2]Mattiuzzi, C., Lippi, G., 2020. Cancer statistics: a comparison between World Health Organization (WHO) and Global Burden of Disease (GBD). European Journal of Public Health. 1(5), 1026-1027. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckz216 [3]Cuevas, B.T., Hughes, D.C., Parma, D.L., et al., 2014. Motivation, exercise, and stress in breast cancer survivors. Support Care Cancer. 4, 911-917. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-013-2038-6 [4]Botto, R., Leonardis, B.D., Salussolia, A., et al., 2022. Assessment of anxiety, depression, and distress in breast cancer patients: A comparison among different phases of illness. Health Care for Women International. 1-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07399332.2022.2078325 [5]Sanchez, L., Fernandez, N., Calle, A.P., et al., 2019. Long-term treatment for emotional distress in women with breast cancer. European Journal of Oncology Nursing. 126-133. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2019.09.002 [6]Phoosuwan, N., Lundberg, P.C., 2022. Psychological distress and health-related quality of life among women with breast cancer: a descriptive cross-sectional study. Supportive Care in Cancer. 4, 3177- 3186. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-021-06763-z [7]Wüst, S., Wolf, J., Hellhammer, D.H., et al., 2000. The cortisol awakening response - normal values and confounds. Noise Health. 7, 79-88. [8]van der Pompe, G., Antoni, M.H., Heijnen, C.J., 1996. Elevated basal cortisol levels and attenuated ACTH and cortisol responses to a behavioral challenge in women with metastatic breast cancer. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 4, 361-374. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4530(96)00009-1 [9]Touitou, Y., Bogdan, A., Benavides, M., et al., 1996. Disruption of the circadian patterns of serum cortisol in breast and ovarian cancer patients: relationships with tumour marker antigens. British Journal of Cancer. 8, 1248-1252. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.1996.524 [10]Rocha-Rodrigues, S., 2021. Physical exercise and sex steroid hormones in breast cancer. Human Movement. 2, 1-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/hm.2021.100006 [11]Jia, T.T., Liu, Y.F., Fan, Y.Y., et al., 2022. Association of Healthy Diet and Physical Activity With Breast Cancer: Lifestyle Interventions and Oncology Education. Front Public Health. 797794. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.797794 [12]Lee, K.J., An, K.O., 2022. Impact of High-Intensity Circuit Resistance Exercise on Physical Fitness, Inflammation, and Immune Cells in Female Breast Cancer Survivors: A Randomized Control Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095463 [13]Enayatjazi, M., Esfarjani, F., Reisi, J., et al., 2022. Studying the Effect of Garlic Consumption and Endurance Training on Serum Levels of Some Pro-and Anti-inflammatory Cytokines in Female Mice with Breast Cancer - A Randomized Trial. International Journal of Preventive Medicine. 13(1), 38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_315_20 [14]Corazza, D.I., Sebastião, É., Pedroso, R.V., et al., 2014. Influence of chronic exercise on serum cortisol levels in older adults. European Review of Aging and Physical Activity. 1, 25-34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11556-013-0126-8 [15]Laugero, K.D., Falcon, L.M., Tucker, K.L., 2011. Relationship between perceived stress and dietary and activity patterns in older adults participating in the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study. Appetite. 1, 194-204. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2010.11.001 [16]Hayes, L.D., Grace, F.M., Baker, J.S., et al., 2015. Exercise-induced responses in salivary testosterone, cortisol, and their ratios in men: a meta-analysis. Sports Medicine. 5, 713-726. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0306-y [17]De Nys, L., Anderson, K., Ofosu, E.F., et al., 2022. The effects of physical activity on cortisol and sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 143, 105843. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105843 [18]Smith, S.M., Vale, W.W., 2006. The role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in neuroendocrine responses to stress. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscince. 4, 383-395. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2006.8.4/ssmith [19]Wendel, J., Verma, A., Dhevan, V., et al., 2021. Stress and Molecular Drivers for Cancer Progression: A Longstanding Hypothesis. Biomedical Journal of Scintific and Technical Research. 1, 29134-29138. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26717/bjstr.2021.37.005953 [20]Arnsten, A.F., 2015. Stress weakens prefrontal networks: molecular insults to higher cognition. Nature Neuroscince. 10, 1376-1385. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4087 [21]Tian, W.T., Liu, Y., Cao, Ch.H., et al., 2021. Chronic Stress: Impacts on Tumor Microenvironment and Implications for Anti-Cancer Treatments. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. 777018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2021.777018 [22]Chiarugi, P., Filippi, L., 2015. β3-adrenoreceptor and tumor microenvironment: a new hub. Oncoimmunology. 11, e1026532. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/2162402x.2015.1026532 [23]Fabre, B., Grosman, H., Gonzalez, D., et al., 2016. Prostate Cancer, High Cortisol Levels and Complex Hormonal Interaction. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 7, 3167-3171. [24]Flores, I.E., Sierra, F.J.A., Davalos, O., et al., 2017. Stress alters the expression of cancer-related genes in the prostate. BMC Cancer. 1, 621. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-017-3635-4 [25]Bowen, D., Poole, S.F., White, M., et al., 2021. The Role of Stress in Breast Cancer Incidence: Risk Factors, Interventions, and Directions for the Future. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041871 [26]Sistigu, A., Musella, M., Galassi, C., et al., 2020. Tuning Cancer Fate: Tumor Microenvironment’s Role in Cancer Stem Cell Quiescence and Reawakening. Frontiers in Immunology. 2166. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.02166 [27]Zhang, X., Zhang, Y., He, Z., et al., 2019. Chronic stress promotes gastric cancer progression and metastasis: an essential role for ADRB2. Cell Death and Disease. 11, 788. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-019-2030-2 [28]Jafri, S.H., Ali, F., Mollaeian, A., et al., 2019. Major Stressful Life Events and Risk of Developing Lung Cancer: A Case-Control Study. Clinical Medicine Insights Oncology. 1179554919835798. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1179554919835798 [29]Kadmiel, M., Cidlowski, J.A., 2013. Glucocorticoid receptor signaling in health and disease. Trends in Pharmacology Sciences. 9, 518-530. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2013.07.003 [30]Smyth, J.M., Ockenfels, M.C., Gorin, A.A., et al., 1997. Individual differences in the diurnal cycle of cortisol. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2, 89-105. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4530(96)00039-x [31]Lee, D.Y., Kim, E., Choi, M.H., 2015. Technical and clinical aspects of cortisol as a biochemical marker of chronic stress. BMB Reports. 4, 209-216. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5483/bmbrep.2015.48.4.275 [32]Spiegel, D., Giese-Davis, J., Taylor, C.B., et al., 2006. Stress sensitivity in metastatic breast cancer: analysis of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 10, 1231-1244. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.09.004 [33]Obradović, M.M.S., Hamelin, B., Manevski, N., et al., 2019. Glucocorticoids promote breast cancer metastasis. Nature. 7749, 540-544. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1019-4 [34]Zhao, X.Y., Malloy, P.J., Krishnan, A.V., et al., 2000. Glucocorticoids can promote androgen-independent growth of prostate cancer cells through a mutated androgen receptor. Nature Medicine. 6, 703-706. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/76287 [35]Caspersen, C.J., Powell, K.E., Christenson, G.M., 1985. Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Reports. 2, 126-131. [36]Ficarra, S., Thomas, E., Bianco, A., et al., 2022. Impact of exercise interventions on physical fitness in breast cancer patients and survivors: a systematic review. Breast Cancer. 3, 402-418. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12282-022-01347-z [37]Yang, H.Ch., Yang, Zh., Pan, H.Y., et al., 2021. Effects of physical activity on sleep problems in breast cancer survivors: a meta-analysis. Support Care Cancer. 7, 4023-4032. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-020-05914-y [38]Marinho, M.S., Rocha-Rodrigues, B.S., 2021. Depression And Quality Of Life In Physically Active Breast Cancer Survivors. Proceedings of XVI International Conference in Physical Education, Leisure and Health. 49. [39]Di Blasio, A., Morano, T., Cianchetti, E., et al., 2017. Psychophysical health status of breast cancer survivors and effects of 12 weeks of aerobic training. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice. 19- 26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2017.01.004 [40]Lambert, M., Brunet, J., Couture-Lalande, M.E., et al., 2019. Aerobic physical activity and salivary cortisol levels among women with a history of breast cancer. Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 12-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2018.10.018 [41]Castonguay, A.L., Wrosch, C., Sabiston, C.M., 2017. The roles of negative affect and goal adjustment capacities in breast cancer survivors: Associations with physical activity and diurnal cortisol secretion. Health Psychology. 4, 320-331. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000477 [42]Payne, J.K., Held, J., Thorpe, J., et al., 2008. Effect of exercise on biomarkers, fatigue, sleep disturbances, and depressive symptoms in older women with breast cancer receiving hormonal therapy. Oncology Nursing Forum. 4, 635-642. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1188/08.Onf.635-642 [43]Arikawa, A.Y., Thomas, W., Patel, S.R., et al., 2013. No effect of exercise on urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin and catecholamines in young women participating in a 16-week randomized controlled trial. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention. 9, 1634- 1636. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.Epi-13-0583 [44]Chen, Z., Meng, Z., Milbury, K., et al., 2013. Qigong improves quality of life in women undergoing radiotherapy for breast cancer: results of a randomized controlled trial. Cancer. 9, 1690-1698. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.27904 [45]Ho, R.T., Fong, T.C.T., Cheung, I.K.M., et al., 2016. Effects of a Short-Term Dance Movement Therapy Program on Symptoms and Stress in Patients With Breast Cancer Undergoing Radiotherapy: A Randomized, Controlled, Single-Blind Trial. Journal of Pain Symptom Manage. 5, 824-831. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2015.12.332 [46]Friedenreich, C.M., Wang, Q., Shaw, E., et al., 2019. The effect of prescribed exercise volume on biomarkers of chronic stress in postmenopausal women: Results from the Breast Cancer and Exercise Trial in Alberta (BETA). Preventive Medicine Reports. 100960. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.100960 [47]Banasik, J., Williams, H., Haberman, M., et al., 2011. Effect of Iyengar yoga practice on fatigue and diurnal salivary cortisol concentration in breast cancer survivors. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practice. 3, 135-142. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7599.2010.00573.x [48]Chandwani, K.D., Perkins, G., Nagendra, H.R., et al., 2014. Randomized, controlled trial of yoga in women with breast cancer undergoing radiotherapy. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 10, 1058-1065. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.48.2752 [49]Ratcliff, C.G., Milbury, K., Chandwani, K.D., et al., 2016. Examining Mediators and Moderators of Yoga for Women With Breast Cancer Undergoing Radiotherapy. Integrative Cancer Therapies. 3, 250-262. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1534735415624141 [50]Oppermann, H., Dulz, A., Helmeke, C., et al., 2016. Adrenal Hormone and Metabolic Biomarker Responses to 30min of Intermittent Cycling Exercise in Breast Cancer Survivors. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 12, 921-929. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-110654 [51]McMurray, R.G., 1993. Exercise and Sport Science Reviews, Volume 21 JO Holloszy,(Ed.). LWW. [52]Genazzani, A.R., Lombardi, I., Borgioli, G., et al., 2003. Adrenal function under long-term raloxifene administration. Gynecological endocrinology. 2, 159- 168. [53]An, K.C., 2016. Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators. Asian Spine Journal. 4, 787-791. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4184/asj.2016.10.4.787 [54]Izzicupo, P., D’Amico, M.A., Bascelli, A., et al., 2013. Walking training affects dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and inflammation independent of changes in spontaneous physical activity. Menopause. 4, 455-463. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/gme.0b013e31827425c9 [55]Saxton, J.M., Scott, E.J., Daley, A.J., et al., 2014. Effects of an exercise and hypocaloric healthy eating intervention on indices of psychological health status, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation and immune function after early-stage breast cancer: a randomised controlled trial. Breast Cancer Research. 2, R39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/bcr3643 [56]Ho, R.T.H., Fong, T.C.T., Yip, P.S.F., 2018. Perceived stress moderates the effects of a randomized trial of dance movement therapy on diurnal cortisol slopes in breast cancer patients. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 119-126. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.10.012 [57] Toohey, K., Pumpa, K., McKune, A., et al., 2020. The impact of high-intensity interval training exercise on breast cancer survivors: a pilot study to explore fitness, cardiac regulation and biomarkers of the stress systems. BMC Cancer. 1(1), 787. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-020-07295-1