Growth Medium and Soil Amendment Influence on Seedling Growth Responses of African Star Apple (Chrysophyllum albidum)

Source:
By:Author(s)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.30564/jrb.v1i3.1561

Abstract:

African Star Apple (Chrysophyllum albidum) classified as a forest food tree with economic potentials requires domestication attention for improved productivity. A study conducted in Abeokuta, Nigeria in 2017 using one year old C. albidum seedlings determined the plant’s growth responses when cultivated using different growth medium and soil amendment methods. The 3 x 9 factorial experiment was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) at three replications. Three textural soil types (sandy, loamy and clayey soils) were evaluated using nine soil amendment methods (5, 10, 15t/ha poultry manure (PM) and 150, 250 and 500kg/ha NPK, and integrated amendment methods using 5t/ha PM+150kg/ha NPK and 10t/ha PM+150kg/ha NPK), and the un-amended plot as control. The results showed that plants in loamy and clayey soils had more leaves compared to those in sandy soil only at 74WAS. C. albidum had most numerous leaves with 150 kg/ha, taller plant and wider canopy with 250 kg/ha, and thicker girth with all NPK rates compared to control, manure rates and integrated fertilizers. The plants with loamy soil had highest CPC, Ash C, FC, starch and sugar. Plants with inorganic fertilizers and integrated fertilizers had higher FW and DW compared to manure rates. The 5 t/ha manure rate and the 250 kg/ha NPK produced plants with high sugar content and were lowest in starch content compared to other applied rates. In conclusion, C. albidum from juvenile to vegetative stage with proper management can be grown on the different soil types while the 150 kg/ha NPK fertilizer rate appeared as optimum for the plant growth.

References:

[1] Adebayo, A.H., Abolaji, A.O., Kela, R., Ayepola, O.O., Olorunfemi, T.B., Taiwo, O.S. Antioxidant activities of the leaves of Chrysophyllum albidum G. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2011, 24: 545-51. [2] Bada, S.O. Preliminary information on the ecology of Chrysophyllum albidum done in the West and Central Africa; In proceedings of a National Workshop on the potentials of Star Apple in Nigeria (Denton OA, Ladipo AO, Adetoro MA, Sarumi MB, 1997: 16 - 25. [3] Ige MM, Gbadamosi SO. Chemical composition and physical properties of African star apple (Chrysophyllum Albidum). Asset Series A. 2007; 7: 37-42. [4] Nnadi, P. and D.I. Anyanwu. Effect of extraction method, soil media on germination and seedling establishment of Chrysophyllum albidum. International Journal of Horticulture and Forestry Research. 2018, 2(1): 1-11. [5] Amusa NA, Ashaye OA, Oladapo MO. Bio-deterioration of the African star apple (Chrysophylum albidum) in storage and the effect on its food value. Afr J Biotechnol. 2003, 2: 56–59. [6] Aberoumand A. Nutritional evaluation of edible Portulaca oleracea as plant food. Food Anal Methods. 2009, 2: 204–207. [7] Bharucha Z, Pretty J. The roles and values of wild foods in agricultural systems. Philos Trans. 2010, 365: 2913–2926. [8] Chao S.. Forest peoples: numbers across the world. United Kingdom: Forest Peoples Programme, 2012: 24. [9] Okafor, J.C. and Fernandes E.C.M.. Compound farms of South-East Nigeria: a predominant agro forestry home garden system with crops and small Livestocks. Agro Forestry System, 1987, 5: 1534-168 [10] Adewusi HA. The African Star Apple Chrysophyllum albidum Indigenous Knowledge from Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria. In: Proceedings of a National Workshop on the Potentials of the Star Apple in Nigeria (Eds.) Denton OA, Ladipo DO, Adetoro MA, Sarumi, 1997. [11] Adisa SA. Vitamin C, Protein and mineral contents of African Apple (Chrysophyllum albidum) IN: Proceedings of the 18th annual conference of NIST. (Eds.) Garba SA, Ijagbone IF, Iyagba AO, Iyamu AO, Kilani AS, Ufaruna N. 2000: 141-146. [12] Idowu TO, Iwalewa EO, Aderogba MA, Akinpelu BA, Ogundaini AO. Antinociceptive, Anti - inflammatory and Antioxidant activities of Eleagnine: an alkaloid isolated from seed cotyledon of C. albidum. J. Biol. Sci. 2006, 6(6): 1029 - 1034. [13] Okoye, E.I., and NdIwe, I.. Characterization of Chrysophyllum albidum and Anacardium occidentale gums as wet and dry binders in ciprofloxacin tablets. Marmara Pharmaceutical Journal, 2016, 20: 122-130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.12991/mpj.20162036047 [14] Fehmi, J.S. and Kong, T.M.. Effects of soil type, rainfall, straw mulch, and fertilizer on semi-arid vegetation establishment, growth and diversity. Ecological Engineering, 2012, 44: 70– 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2012.04.014 [15] Ayeni L.S.. Effect of Cocoa Pod Ash, NPK Fertilizer and their Combinations on Soil Chemical Properties and Yield of Tomato (lycopersicon lycopersicum) on Two Soil Types. New York Science Journal, 2010, 3(4): 1-11. [16] Olufolaji A.O.. Indigenous knowledge system in horticulture as it affects food/nutrition security and environmental sustainability. Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the Horticultural Society of Nigeria, held at Federal University of Technology., Owerri, Nigeria, 2012: 21-23. [17] Olubode, O.O., Joseph-Adekunle, T.T. and A.B.J. Aina. Influence of organic manures from different animal sources on growth and yield responses of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.). Nigeria Journal of Horticultural. Science, 2016, 21: 91-98. [18] Sobulo RH, Osiname OA. Soil Fertilization use in Western Nigerian. AR&T Res Bull. 1981, 11: 3-6. [19] AOAC. Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of the Official Analytical Chemists, 18th edn. Washington DC, 1990. [20] SAS. Statistical Analysis System SA/STAT Users’ Guide. Version 6, Fourth Edition, SAS Institute, Cary, 1990. [21] Steel RGD, Torrie JA. Principles and procedure of Statistics. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1980. [22] Marschner, H.. Mineral Nutrition in Higher Plants. Academic Press Ltd, London, 1986: 158+161. [23] Correia, P.J., Martins-Loucao, M.A.. Effect of nitrogen and potassium fertilization on vegetative growth and flowering of mature carob trees (Ceratonia siliqua): variations in leaf area index and water use indices. Austr. J. Exp. Agric. 2004, 44: 83–89. [24] Olubode, O.O., Chikaleke, V.A. and Ojo, O.B. Influence of phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers on attainment of budding size of citrus species. Proc. 30th Annual Conference of Horticultural Society of Nigeria (HORTSON) held at the Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria on November, 2012, 11-15: 104-109. [25] Lombin LG, Adepetu JA, Ayotade KA. Organic fertilizer in the Nigerian agriculture: Present and future F.P.D.D. Abuja. 1991: 146-162. [26] Wu, K., Fullen, M.A., An, T., Fan, Z., Zhou, F., Xue, G., Wu, B.. Above- and belowground interspecific interaction in intercropped maize and potato: a field study using the ‘target’ technique. Field Crops Res. 2012, 139 (2012): 63–70. [27] Leghari, S.J., Wahocho, N.A., Laghari, G.M., Laghari, A.H., Bhabhan, G.M., Talpur, K.H., Bhutto, T.A., Wahocho, S.A., Lashari, A.A. Role of Nitrogen for Review. Advances in Environmental Biology, 2016, 10(9): 209-218. [28] Rosa, M., Prado, C., Podazza, G., Interdonato, R., González, J.A., Hilal, M. and Prado, F.E. Soluble sugars—Metabolism, sensing and abiotic stress. Plant Signaling & Behavior, 2009b, 4(5): 388-393. [29] Rosenquist, S.. Plant Sugar Signaling: Regulation of Starch and Fructan Metabolism. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Plant Biology and Forest Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, 2007. [30] Rosa M, Hilal M, González JA, Prado FE. Changes in soluble carbohydrates and related enzymes induced by low temperature during early developmental stages of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) seedlings. J Plant Physiol. 2004, 161: 683-9. [ [31] Gill PK, Sharma AD, Singh P, Bhullar SS. Changes in germination, growth and soluble sugar contents of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench seeds under various abiotic tresses. Plant Growth Regul. 2003, 40: 157-62. [32] Prado FE, Boero C, Gallardo M, González JA. Effect of NaCl on germination, growth and soluble sugar content in Chenopodium quinoa Willd. seeds. Bot Bull Acad Sinica, 2000, 41: 27-34. [33] Rosa M, Hilal M, González JA, Prado FE. Low-temperature effect on enzyme activities involved in sucrose-starch partitioning in salt-stressed and salt-acclimated cotyledons of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) seedlings. Plant Physiol Biochem, 2009a, 47: 300-7. [34] Chiou TJ, Bush DR.. Sucrose is a signal molecule in assimilate partitioning. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998, 95: 4784-8 [35] Addiscott, T.M. Kinetics and Temperature Relationships of Mineralization and Nitrification in Rothamsted Soils with Differing Histories. European Journal of Soil Science, 1983, 34: 343-353. [36] Kanal, A.. Effect of Incorporation Depth and Soil Climate on Straw Decomposition Rate in a Loamy Podzoluvisol. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 1995, 20: 190-196. [37] Mitchell, R.D.J., Harrison, R., Russell, K.J. and Wess, J. The Effect of Crop Residue Incorporation Date on Soil Inorganic Nitrogen, Nitrate Leaching and Nitrogen Mineralization. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2000, 32: 294-301. [38] Akanbi, W.B., J.A. Adediran, A.O. Togun and R.A. Soul. Effect of organic – base fertilizer on the growth, yield and storage life of tomato (Lycopersicon esculoutum Mill) Bioscierce Research Communication, 2000, 12(4): 14-18. [39] Pfister, B. and Zeeman, S.C.. Formation of starch in plant cells. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 2016, 73: 2781–2807. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-016-2250-x [40] Avnimelech, Y.. Organic residues in modern agriculture In: Chen, Y. and Avnimelech, Y. (eds) The role of organic matter in modern agriculture. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrechi, The Netherlands, 1986.