Protective Roles of Some Leafy and Non-leafy Vegetables against the Severity of Arsenic-induced Skin Lesions among Women Living in Rural Bangladesh: A Case Control Study

Source:
By:Author(s)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.30564/jbr.v4i1.4050

Abstract: Arsenicosis is common among villagers as they drink more contaminatedwater since the arsenic-crisis in Bangladesh. Supplementation of vitamins and micronutrients in counteracting arsenic toxicity has been proved for arsenic treatment. This study was intended to assess protective and beneficial roles of some commonly eaten vegetables on the development and severity of arsenicinduced skin lesions. A case-control study among (N=122) adult rural-women (62 cases had various forms of arsenical skin-lesions e.g. melanosis/keratosis/ mixed-lesions and 60 sex-age-matched healthy-controls) was conducted in Shaharstee Upazilla of Chandpur district, Bangladesh. Socio-demographic data recorded in a pre-tested-questionnaire, ‘per-day vegetables ingestion’ of cases and controls were measured qualitative and quantitatively (24-hour recall-methods, food-frequency/week and food history-record/week). Multiple logistic regression/MLR analyses were performed to find out protective roles of some dietary leafy-vegetables/LVs and non-leafy vegetables/NLVs on arsenicosis and their influences on the degree of severity of arsenicosis also determined. Abstinence from taking some LVs/NLVs among cases than controls is associated with increased risk for arsenicosis (P<0.05). Amongst all most-frequently eaten vegetables (n=17) per day Momordica diocia has the highest skin protective role on arsenicosis [Adjusted odds ratio/AOR 8.2, 95% CI (2.11-31.9), P=<0.01], followed by Ipomoea acquatica (AOR:7.3), Basella alba (AOR:6.2), Solanum tuberosum (AOR:4.0), Vigna unguiculata sesquipedalis (AOR:3.2), Trichosanthes anguina (AOR:1.2) and Abelmoschus esculentus (AOR:1.2). Moreover, severe skin lesion was observed as compared to non-severe cases (mild/moderate) for less intake frequencies of vegetables. This study outlined that commonly eaten vegetables have protective and beneficial roles on arsenic-induced skin lesions. Large samples longitudinal study of this important field of therapeutic-intervention is warranted References:

[1] Bae, S., Kamynina, E., Guetterman, H.M., et al., 2021. Provision of folic acid for reducing arsenic toxicity in arsenic-exposed children and adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021(10). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012649.pub2. [2] Choudhury, M.I.M., Shabnam, N., Ahsan, T., et al., 2018. Cutaneous Malignancy due to Arsenicosis in Bangladesh: 12-Year Study in Tertiary Level Hospital. Biomed Res Int. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4678362. [3] Chowdhury, W.K., Tisha, A., Akter, S., et al., 2017. The Role of Arsenic on Skin Diseases, Hair Fall and Inflammation: An Immunological Review and Case Studies. J Clin Exp Dermatol Res. 08(02). DOI: https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9554.1000384. [4] Chakraborti, D., Rahman, M.M., Mukherjee, A., et al., 2015. Groundwater arsenic contamination in Bangladesh-21 Years of research. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 31, 237-248. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2015.01.003. [5] Ahmad, S.A., Khan, M.H., Haque, M., 2018. Arsenic contamination in groundwater in bangladesh: Implications and challenges for healthcare policy. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 11, 251-261. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S153188. [6] BBS and UNICEF Bangladesh Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2012-2013, ProgotirPathey: Final Report. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) and UNICEF Bangladesh, 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Published online 2014. [Accessed October, 2021] [7] World Health Organization, 2018. Arsenic in Drinking-Water, Background Document for Development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality. [Accessed 2021, October] [8] Das, N.K., Sengupta, S.R., July 2014. Arsenicosis : Diagnosis and treatment Seminar : Chronic Arsenicosis in India Arsenicosis : Diagnosis and treatment. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0378-6323.45098. [9] Argos, M., Kalra, T., Pierce, B.L., et al., 2011. A prospective study of arsenic exposure from drinking water and incidence of skin lesions in Bangladesh. Am J Epidemiol. 174(2), 185-194. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwr062. [10] Inoue, M., Hayashi, S., Craker, L.E., 2018. Role of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Past, Present, and Future. IntechOpen. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82497. [11] Taha Gökmen Ülger, Ayse Nur Songur, Onur Çirak FPÇ, 2018. Role of Vegetables in Human Nutrition and Disease Prevention. IntechOpen. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.77038. [12] Elkhalifa, A.E.O., Alshammari, E., Adnan, M., et al., 2021. Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) as a potential dietary medicine with nutraceutical importance for sustainable health applications. Molecules. 26(3), 1-21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/MOLECULES26030696. [13] Shahidi, F., Yeo, J., 2018. Bioactivities of Phenolics by Focusing on Suppression of Chronic Diseases : A Review. (Figure 1), 1-16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19061573. [14] Islam, M.T., 2019. Phytochemical information and pharmacological activities of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus): A literature-based review. Phyther Res. 33(1), 72-80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6212. [15] Yin, G., Wang, Z., Wang, Z., Wang, X., 2018. Topical application of quercetin improves wound healing in pressure ulcer lesions. Experimental Dermatology. 27(7), 779-786. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/exd.13679. [16] Howe, C.G., Li, Z., Zens, M.S., et al., 2017. Dietary B vitamin intake is associated with lower urinary monomethyl arsenic and oxidative stress marker 15-F2t-isoprostane among New Hampshire adults. J Nutr. 147(12), 2289-2296. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.117.253419. [17] Lindberg, A., Rahman, M., Persson, L-åke, Vahter, M., 2008. The risk of arsenic induced skin lesions in Bangladeshi men and women is affected by arsenic metabolism and the age at first exposure. 230, 9-16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2008.02.001. [18] Pierce, B.L., Argos, M., Chen, Y., et al., 2011. Original Contribution Arsenic Exposure, Dietary Patterns, and Skin Lesion Risk in Bangladesh : A Prospective Study. 173(3), 345-354.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwq366. [19] Działo, M., Mierziak, J., Korzun, U., Preisner, M., Szopa, J., Kulma, A., 2016. The potential of plant phenolics in prevention and therapy of skin disorders. Int J Mol Sci. 17(2), 1-41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17020160. [20] Ombra, M.N., Fratianni, F., Granese, T., 2014. Natural Product Research : Formerly Natural Product Letters In vitro antioxidant , antimicrobial and anti-proliferative activities of purple potato extracts (Solanum tuberosum cv Vitelotte noire ) following simulated gastro-intestinal digestion. (December), 37-41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2014.981183. [21] Jadwiga, A., Id, K., Pobere, J., Przewodowska, A., Id, W.P., Milczarek, D., 2019. Antioxidant properties of potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum L .) as a consequence of genetic potential and growing conditions. Published online. 1-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222976. [22] Praveen Kumar, P., Swatantra Bahadur Singh, S.J., 2014. Overview On Anti-Ulcer Activity Of Basella Alba : A Therapeutic Herb. 5(June), 49-61. [23] Umar, K., Muhammad, M., Sani, N., Muhammad, S., Umar, M., 2015. Comparative Study of Antioxidant Activities of the Leaves and Stem of Ipomoea aquatica Forsk (Water Spinach). Niger J Basic Appl Sci. 23(1), 81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/njbas.v23i1.12. [24] Rosas-Cruz, G.P., Silva-Correa, C.R., Calderón-Peña, A.A., et al., 2020. Wound Healing Activity of an Ointment from Solanum tuberosum L. “Tumbay Yellow Potato” on Mus musculus Balb/c. Pharmacogn J. 12(6), 1268-1275. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5530/PJ.2020.12.175. [25] Owumi, S.E., Odunola, O.A., Gbadegesin, M.A., Nulah, K.L., 2013. Protective effect of Juglans nigra on sodium arsenite-induced toxicity in rats. 5(3), 183- 188. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-8490.112425. [26] Deshmukh, S.A., Gaikwad, D.K., 2014. A review of the taxonomy, ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Basella alba (Basellaceae). J Appl Pharm Sci. 4(1), 153-165. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2014.40125. [27] Adhikari, R., Hn, N.K., Sd, S., 2012. Review Article A Review on Medicinal Importance of Basella alba L. 4(2), 110-114. [28] Yasin, H., Tariq, F., Sameen, A., et al., 2020. Ethanolic extract of okra has a potential gastroprotective effect on acute gastric lesions in Sprague Dawley rats. Food Sci Nutr. 8(12), 6691-6698. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1963. [29] KIM, Y.H., IDA, M., YAMASHITA, S., et al., 2012. Anti-Allergic Effects of Kakrol (Momordica dioica Roxb.) Flesh Extract. Biosci Microbiota, Food Heal. 31(1), 1-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12938/bmfh.31.1. [30] Baskaran, G., Salvamani, S., Azlan, A., Ahmad, S.A., Yeap, S.K., Shukor, M.Y., 2015. Hypocholesterolemic and Antiatherosclerotic Potential of Basella alba Leaf Extract in Hypercholesterolemia-Induced Rabbits. Evidence-based Complement Altern Med. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/751714. [31] Dua, T.K., Dewanjee, S., Gangopadhyay, M., Khanra, R., Zia-Ul-Haq, M., De Feo, V., 2015. Ameliorative effect of water spinach, Ipomea aquatica (Convolvulaceae), against experimentally induced arsenic toxicity. J Transl Med. 13(1), 1-17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-015-0430-3. [32] Devi, N., 2017. Medicinal Values of Trichosanthus cucumerina L. (Snake Gourd) - A Review. Br J Pharm Res. 16(5), 1-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9734/bjpr/2017/33575. [33] Lovat, C., Nassar, A.M.K., Kubow, S., Li, X., 2015. Donnelly DJ. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition Metabolic Biosynthesis of Potato ( Solanum tuberosum L .) Antioxidants and Implications for Human Health. (March), 37-41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2013.830208. [34] Rothman, K.J.G.S., 1998. Modern Epidemiology. Second Edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. [35] Forman, M., 1998. Nutritional Epidemiology. 2nd ed. (Walter Willett 1998, ed.). Oxford University Press, New York. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/69.5.1020. [36] Islam, S.N., Khan, M.N.I., Akhtaruzzaman, M., 2010. Food Composition Tables and Database for Bangladesh with Special Reference to Selected Ethnic Foods. Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Dhaka. fpmu.gov.bd›sites›default›- files›Finalreport. [Accesed October, 2021] [37] Septembre-Malaterre, A., Remize, F., Poucheret, P., 2018. Fruits and vegetables, as a source of nutritional compounds and phytochemicals: Changes in bioactive compounds during lactic fermentation. Food Res Int. 104, 86-99. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2017.09.031. [38] Tungmunnithum, D., Thongboonyou, A., Pholboon, A., Yangsabai, A., 2018. Flavonoids and Other Phenolic Compounds from Medicinal Plants for Pharmaceutical and Medical Aspects: An Overview. Medi-cines. 5(3), 93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines5030093. [39] Singh, S.R.S., 2007. Amelioration of arsenic toxicity by L-Ascorbic acid in laboratory rat. J Env Biol. PMID: 17929753. [40] Ah Kang, M., Choung, S.Y., 2016. Solanum tuberosum L. cv Hongyoung extract inhibits 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis in NC/ Nga mice. Mol Med Rep. 14(4), 3093-3103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2016.5595. [41] Perchuk, I., Shelenga, T., Gurkina, M., Miroshnichenko, E., 2020. Burlyaeva M. composition of primary and secondary metabolite compounds in seeds and pods of asparagus bean (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) from China. Molecules. 25(17), 1-16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25173778. [42] Avanza, M.V., Álvarez-Rivera, G., Cifuentes, A., Mendiola, J.A., Ibáñez, E., 2021. Phytochemical and functional characterization of phenolic compounds from cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (l.) walp.) obtained by green extraction technologies. Agronomy. 11(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11010162. [43] Sayeed, I., SatishAjay, S.K., Hegde, K., 2017. Pharmacological activities of Vigna unguiculata ( L ) Walp: A review. Int J Pharma Chem Res. 3(1), 44-49. [44] Moreira-Araújo, R.S.D.R., Sampaio, G.R., Soares, R.A.M., Da Silva, C.P., Araújo, M.A.D.M., Arêas, J.A.G., 2018. Identification and quantification of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in cowpeas of brs xiquexique cultivar. Rev Caatinga. 31(1), 209- 216. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252018v31n124rc. [45] Marsetya, Y.R., Mudjijono, H.S., 2011. Antioxidant activity, phenolic and flavonoid contents of snake gourd (Trichosanthes anguina) extract. Biofarmasi J Nat Prod Biochem. 7(2), 77-86. [46] Durazzo, A., Lucarini, M., Novellino, E., Souto, E.B., Daliu, P., Santini, A. Beneficial Properties — Focused on Antidiabetic Role — For Sustainable Health Applications. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24010038. [47] Xu, D.S., Qin, L.Y., Han, M.L.Q., 2019. Physicochemical properties , phenolic profiles , antioxidant capacities , and inhibitory effects on digestive enzymes of okra ( Abelmoschus esculentus ) fruit at different maturation stages. 56, 1275-1286. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-019-03592-1.