Teaching Hong Kong English before Teaching Academic English: The Gateway to Effective Learning of College Writing
Source: By:Bernie Chun Nam MAK
DOI: https://doi.org/10.30564/jler.v2i1.331
Abstract: Owing to the negative view of Hong Kong English (HKE) in popular discourse, few English lecturers in Hong Kong universities directly acknowledge or discuss the variety in a non-linguistic course. This paper illustrates an action research study of how HKE may play a role in an academic writing course of a sub-degree program in Hong Kong. Focusing on 8 representatives from an academic writing course with 100 students, it employed the qualitative experiment method to examine whether students who had possessed basic linguistic knowledge of HKE from an additional tutorial would perceive HKE and academic writing differently from those who had not. Student representatives from each group were invited to a focus group to explore ideas about the two subjects discussed in class. Their conversations suggested that prior knowledge of the syntactic features of HKE might raise students’ awareness of the grammatical differences between the variety and the standard. The analysis also suggested that introducing the linguistic view of HKE to students might render them optimistic about their variety, helping them identify the situations where the variety would be tolerant of and settings where Standard English would be expected. The study suggested that such an intervention might facilitate students’ learning of Standard English for academic purposes and practices of English in actual professional communication. Upon the improvement or advancement, they will position themselves more powerfully in the dichotomy between the standard and non-standard. More formal research on a similar or relevant topic is required to validate the impact of understanding HKE on learning academic writing. References:[1] Li DCS. Towards ‘biliteracy and trilingualism’ in Hong Kong (SAR): Problems, dilemmas and stakeholders’ views. AILA Review 2009; 22: 72-84. [2] Fang FG. World Englishes or English as a lingual franca: where does English in China stand? English Today 2017; 33(1): 19-24. [3] Lee JFK, Collins P. Linguistic acceptability in Hong Kong English. Asian Englishes 2016; 9(1): 24-40. [4] Hung TTN. Hong Kong English. In English in Southeast Asia: Features, policy and language in use Edited by Low EL, Hashim A. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2012. pp.113-133. [5] Poon A. Language policy of Hong Kong: its impact on language education and language use in post-handover Hong Kong. Journal of Taiwan Normal University 2004; 49(1): 53-74. [6] Hui PK. Boredom and fear in the undergraduate classroom: the medium of instruction controversy in Hong Kong. Inter-Asia Cultural Studies 2015; 16(2): 253-262. [7] Evans S, Morrison, B. Learning and using English at university: lessons from a longitudinal study in Hong Kong. The Journal of Asia TEFL 2012; 9(2): 21-47. [8] Bourdieu P. Language and symbolic power. [Translated by Raymond G, Adamson M] Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991. [9] Tung P, Lam R, Tsang WK. English as a medium of instruction in post-1997 Hong Kong: what students, teachers, and parents think. Journal of Pragmatics 1997; 28: 441-459. [10] Evans S. The medium of instruction in Hong Kong revisited: policy and practice in the reformed Chinese and English streams. Research Papers in Education 2009; 24(3): 287-309. [11] Pang TTT. Hong Kong English: A stillborn variety. English Today 2003; 19(2): 12-18. [12] Evans S. Historical and comparative perspectives on the medium of instruction in Hong Kong. Language Policy 2011; 10: 19-36. [13] Sweeting A. Education policy and the 1997 factor: the art of the possible interacting with the dismal science. In Education and political transition: implications of Hong Kong’s change of sovereignty. Edited by Bray M, Lee, WO. Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong, 1997. pp.25-39. [14] Tsui APY, Ngo HY. Students’ perceptions of English-medium instruction in a Hong Kong university. Asian Englishes 2017; 19(1): 57-78. [15] Bransford JD, Brown AL, Cocking RR (Eds.). How people learn: Brain, mind, experience, and school. Washington DC: National Academy Press, 2000. [16] Weinreich U. Languages in contact. The Hague: Mouton, 1953. [17] Yule G. The study of language (7th ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017. [18] Zhang Q. The emergence and development of Hong Kong English. Annual Review of Education, Communication and Language Sciences 2006; 3: 1-16. [19] Bolton K, Kwok H. The dynamics of the Hong Kong accent: social identity and sociolinguistic description. Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 1990; 1: 147-172. [20] Zhang Q. The attitudes of Hong Kong students towards Hong Kong English and Mandarin-accented English. English Today 2013; 29(2): 9-16. [21] Cummings PJ, Wolf HG. A dictionary of Hong Kong English: Words from the fragrant harbor. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2011. [22] Hung TTN. Towards a phonology of Hong Kong English. World Englishes 2000; 19(3): 337-356. [23] Sung CCM. Hong Kong English: Linguistic and sociolinguistic perspectives. Language and Linguistics Compass 2015; 9(6): 256-270. [24] Groves JM, Chan HT. Lexical traps in Hong Kong English. English Today 2010; 26(4): 44-50. [25] Bolton K. Chinese Englishes: From Canton jargon to global English. World Englishes 2002; 21(2): 181-199. [26] Chan JYH. Contextual variation and Hong Kong English. World Englishes 2013; 32(1): 54-74. [27] Li DCS. op. cit.; 2009. pp.72-84. [28] Choi PK. op. cit.; 2003. pp.673-694. [29] Pang TTT. op. cit.; 2003. p.15. [30] Poon FKC. Hong Kong English, China English and World English. English Today 2006; 22(2): 23-28. [31] Hui PK. op. cit.; 2015. pp.253-262. [32] Tsui ABM, Bunton D. Discourse and attitudes of English teachers in Hong Kong. World Englishes 2000; 19(3): 287-304. [33] Tian J, Low GD. Critical thinking and Chinese university students: a review of the evidence. Language, Culture and Curriculum 2011; 24(1): 61-76. [34] Cogo A, Dewey M. Analyzing English as a lingua franca: A corpus-driven investigation. London: Continuum, 2012. [35] Luo WH. Teacher perceptions of teaching and learning English as a lingua franca in the expanding circle: a study of Taiwan. English Today 2017; 33(1): 2-11. [36] Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority. HKDSE core subjects: English language – level descriptors. The Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority Website, 2015; Retrieved from http://www.hkeaa.edu.hk/en/hkdse/assessment/subject_information/category_a_subjects/hkdse_subj.html?A1&1&2_4 [37] Naber A. Qualitative experiment as a participating method in innovation research. Historical Social Research 2015; 40(3): 233-257. [38] Ravasio P, Guttormsen-Schär S, Tscherter V. The qualitative experiment in HCI: definition, occurrences, value and use. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 2004; 5, 1-24. [39] Robinson S, Mendelson AL. A qualitative experiment: research on mediated meaning construction using a hybrid approach. Journal of Mixed Methods Research 2012; 6(4): 332-347. [40] Ravasio P, Guttormsen-Schär S, Tscherter V. op. cit.; 2004. pp.1-24. [41] Naber A. op. cit.; 2015. pp.233-257. [42] Gisborne N. Aspects of the morphosyntactic typology of Hong Kong English. English World-Wide 2009; 30(2): 149-169. [43] Sung CCM. op. cit.; 2015. pp.256-270. [44] Gisborne N. op. cit.; 2009. pp.149-169. [45] Lee I. Error correction in L2 secondary writing classrooms: the case of Hong Kong. Journal of Second Language Writing 2004; 13: 285-312. [46] Schröter V, Kortmann, B. Pronoun deletion in Hong Kong English and Colloquial Singaporean English. World Englishes 2016; 35(2): 221-241. [47] Hung TTN. op. cit.; 2012. pp.113-133. [48] Chan AYW. Toward a taxonomy of written errors: investigation into the written errors of Hong Kong Cantonese ESL learners. TESOL Quarterly 2010; 44(2): 295-319. [49] Ravasio P, Guttormsen-Schär S, Tscherter V. op. cit.; 2004. pp.1-24. [50] Greenbaum S. The Oxford English Grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996, p.17. [51] Matthews JR, Bowen JM, Matthews RW. Successful scientific writing: A step-by-step guide for the biological and medical sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000; First published in 1996. [52] Jenkins J. Current perspectives on teaching world Englishes and English as a lingua franca. TESOL Quarterly 2006; 40: 151-181. [53] Johnson TS, Thompson L, Smagorinsky P, Fry PG. Learning to teach the five-paragraph theme. Research in the Teaching of English 2003; 38(2): 136-176. [54] Sifakis NC, Sougari AM. Pronunciation issues and EIL pedagogy in the periphery: a survey of Greek state school teachers’ beliefs. TESOL Quarterly 2005; 39(3): 467-488. [55] Christie F, Derewianka B. School discourse: Learning to write across the years of schooling. London: Continuum, 2008. [56] Miller RT, Pessoa S. Where’s your thesis statement and what happened to your topic sentences? Identifying organizational challenges in undergraduate student argumentative writing. TESOL Journal 2016; 7(4): 847-873. [57] Poplen RL. A study of topic sentence use in academic writing. Written Communication 1987; 4(2): 209-228. p.211. [58] Luo WH. op. cit.; 2017. pp.2-11. [59] Suzuki A. Introducing diversity of English into ELT: student teachers’ responses. ELT Journal 2011; 65(2): 145-153. [60] Poon FKC. op. cit.; 2006. pp.23-28. [61] Jenkins J. English as a lingua franca: interpretations and attitudes. World Englishes 2009; 28(2): 200-207. [62] Sewell A. English as a lingua franca: ontology and ideology. ELT Journal 2012; 67(1): 3-10. [63] Björkman B. English as a lingua franca in higher education: implications for EAP. Ibérica 2011; 22: 79-100. [64] Yule G. op. cit.; 2017. [65] Wang Y, Jenkins J. “Nativeness” and intelligibility: impacts of intercultural experience through English as lingua franca on Chinese speakers’ language attitudes. Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics 2016; 39(1): 38-58. p.41 [66] Magrath D. Understanding dialects helps ESL instructors. Multibriefs: Exclusive, 2018, February 28; Retrieved on March 3, 2018 from: http://exclusive.multibriefs.com/content/understanding-dialects-helps-esl-instructors/education [67] Luo WH. op. cit.; 2017. pp.2-11. [68] Jenkins J. op. cit.; 2009. pp.200-207. [69] Risager K. Language and culture pedagogy: From a national to transnational paradigm. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 2007. [70] Suzuki A. op. cit.; 2011. pp.145-153. [71] Mairi S. An English as a lingua franca (ELF) perspective in Asian English language teaching. Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics 2016; 39(4): 401-420. p.413. [72] Sewell A, Chan J. Patterns of variation in the consonantal phonology of Hong Kong English. English World-Wide 2010; 31(2): 138-161. p.157