A Systematic Review of Biodiversity and Conservation of Indigenous Mushrooms (Basidiomycotina, Ascomycotina) of Central Africa Countryside: Uses, Distribution and Checklists

Source:
By:The author(s)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.30564/re.v4i2.4746

Abstract:

Significant socio-economic, spiritual, nutritional and medicinal needs of the countrysides in Central Africa region are obtainable from macrofungi. Conversely, anthropogenic activities and climate change have led to a reduction in the habitats of mushrooms which has led to some mushrooms becoming endangered. A dearth of information on the ecology, management and composition of mushrooms in Central Africa exists. Hence a review was systematically carried out on published mycological research outcomes from Central African countryside, to delineate the way forward. It was observed that the level of indigenous mycological knowledge was very high (> 60%) in all the tribes. The highest number of edible mushrooms was from Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)(377 species), followed by Cameroon (50 species). The dataset showed that 448 edible mushrooms have been identified based on citable publications and 27 tribes/localities evaluated. Additionally the dataset showed 116 author-identified mushrooms that inhabitants did not identify and use. The most popular edible mushrooms from 79 key edible mushrooms were Russula (9 spp.), Termitomyces (8), Cantharellus (8), Plerotus (5), Amanita (5), Marasmius, Lactarius and Lactifluus (4 spp. each). The topmost consumed species were Pleurotus tuberregium (14 out of 27 localities), Auricularia cornea (13), Cantharellus congolensis (12), Marasmius bekolacongoli (12), Schizophyllum commune (11) and Cantharellus floridulus (11). Mushrooms for mythology uses: (Phallus indusiatus and Dictyophora sp.), Mythology+food: (Termitomyces robustus), Medicinal: (Daldinia concentrica, Ganoderma applanatum and Ganoderma lucidum), Medicinal+food: (Polyporus dictyopus, Schizophyllum commune and Termitomyces clypeatus) and Food+mythology+medicinal: (Termitomyces microcarpus and Termitomyces titanicus). Irrefutably, these previous ethnomycological and ecological studies have scarcely made a significant impact on fungi biodiversity.

References:

[1]Li, H., Tian, Y., Menolli, Jr.N., et al., 2020. Reviewing the world’s edible mushroom species: A new evidence-based classification system. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. pp. 1-33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12708 [2]Ndifon, E.M., 2021. Systematic appraisal of macrofungi (Basidiomycotina: Ascomycotina) biodiversity of southern Africa: uses, distribution, checklists. Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity. pp. 22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japb.2021.09.008 [3]Gryzenhout, M., Jefwa, J.M., Yorou, N.S., 2012. The status of mycology in Africa: A document to promote awareness. IMA Fungus. 3(1), 99-102. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5598/imafungus.2012.03.01.11 [4]Kinge, T.R., Gary, G., Adriaana, J., et al., 2019. A first checklist of macrofungi for South Africa. MycoKeys. 63, 1-48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.63.36566 [5]Anwadike, B.C., 2020. Biodiversity conservation in Nigeria: perception, challenges and possible remedies. Current Investigation in Agriulture and Current Research. 8(4), 8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32474/CIACR.2020 [6]Schlesinger, W.H., 2017. Natural climate solutions. (See Griscom, B.W., Adams, J., Ellis, P.W., Houghton, R.A., Lomax, G., Miteva, D.A,., Schlesinger, W.H., et al. PNAS 114(44), 11645-11650. Reviewed work. www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/ pnas.1710465114/-/DCSupplemental. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1710465114 [7]Green America, 2017. Top 10 solutions to reverse climate change. Adapted with permission from Drawdown: The most comprehensive plan ever proposed to reverse global warming. Penguin Books. Paul Hawken (editor). Below are the top ten solutions, ranked in terms of emissions reduction potential over a 30-year period. [8]Kinge, T.R., Nji, T.M., Ndam, L.M., et al., 2020. Mushroom research, production and marketing in Cameroon: A review. Czech Mycology. 72(1), 19-32. [9]Ngala, G.N., Gryzenhout, M., 2010. Biodiversity and conservation in Cameroon. Mycologia Balcanica. 7, 65-72. [10]Grenié, M., Berti, E., Carvajal-Quintero, J., et al., 2022. Harmonizing taxon names in biodiversity data: a review of tools, databases, and best practices. Esjournals. https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley. com›abs›10.1111. [11]A rmstrong, R., Hall, B.J., Doyle, J., et al., 2011. Cochrane update. ‘Scoping the scope’ of a cochrane review. Journal of Public Health. 33(1), 147-150. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdr015 [12]Grant, M.J., Booth, A., 2009. A typology of reviews: an analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies. Health Information and Libraries Journal.26(2), 91-108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.x [13]Colquhoun, H.L., Levac, D., O’Brien, K.K., et al., 2014. Scoping reviews: time for clarity in definition, methods, and reporting. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 67(12), 1291-1294. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2014.03.013 [14]Higgins, J.P., Green, S., (eds)., 2011. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions, version 5.1.0. The Cochrane Collaboration. https://handbook-5-1.cochrane.org. [15]Marshall, C., Brereton, P., 2015. Systematic review toolbox: a catalogue of tools to support systematic reviews. Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering. EASE '15. Nanjing, China: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 1-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/2745802.2745824 [16]Munn, Z., Peters, M.D., Stern, C., et al., 2018. Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach. BMC Medical Research Methodology. 18(1), 143. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-018-0611-x [17]Papaioannou, D., Sutton, A., Carroll, C., et al., 2010. Literature searching for social science systematic reviews: consideration of a range of search techniques. Health Information and Libraries Journal. 27(2), 114- 122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-1842.2009.00863.x [18]Pollock, A., Campbell, P., Struthers, C., et al., 2017. Stakeholder involvement in systematic reviews: a protocol for a systematic review of methods, outcomes and effects. Research Involvement and Engagement. 3(1), 9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40900-017-0060-4 [19]Higgins, J.P., López-López, J.A., Becker, B.J., et al., 2019. Synthesising quantitative evidence in systematic reviews of complex health interventions. BMJ Global Health. 4 (Suppl 1), e000858. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000858 [20]PRISMA. No date. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. www.equator-network.org. [21]Peters, M.D., Godfrey, C.M., Khalil, H., et al., 2015. Guidance for conducting systematic scoping reviews. International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare. 13(3), 141-146. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/XEB.0000000000000050 [22]Harden, A., Thomas, J., Cargo, M., et al., 2018. Cochrane Qualitative and Implementation Methods Group guidance series-paper 5: methods for integrating qualitative and implementation evidence within intervention effectiveness reviews. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 97, 70-78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.11.029 [23]Kamalebo, H.M., WaMalale, H.N.S., Ndabaga, C.M., et al., 2018. Uses and importance of wild fungi: traditional knowledge from the Tshopo province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 14, 13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-017-0203-6 [24]Eyi Ndong, H.C., Ntoutoume, C., Bourobou, B.J.A., et al., 2020. Study of traditional mycological knowledge of Pygmy and Bantu populations of Ogooué-Ivindo (North east of Gabon), Central Africa. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews. 7(2), 349-358. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2020.7.2.0298 [25]Degreef, J., Kasongo, B., Niyongabo, E., et al., 2020. Edible mushrooms, a vulnerable ecosystem service from African miombo woodlands. Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society and Environment. 24(2), 1780- 4507. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25518/1780-4507.18508 [26]Yongabi, K., Agho, M., Carrera, D.M., 2004. Ethnomycological studies on wild mushrooms in Cameroon, Central Africa. Micología Aplicada International. 16(2), 34-36. http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=68516202. [27]Jumbam, B., Haelewaters, D., Koch, R.A., et al., 2019. A new and unusual species of Hericium (Basidiomycota: Russulales, Hericiaceae) from the Dja Biosphere Reserve, Cameroon. Mycology Progress. 18, 1253-1262. [28]Mahamat, O., Njouonkou, A., Tume, C., et al., 2018. Assessment of antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities of termite associated fungi, Termitomycesclypeatus R. Heim (Lyophyllaceae, Basidiomycota). Clinical Phytoscience. 4(28). [29]Njouonkou, A., Ekobo, S.A.B., Njayou, F.N., et al., 2020. Occurrence, use and antioxidant potential of Termitomyces reticulates in Cameroon. Czech Mycology. 72(1), 19-32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33585/cmy.72102 [30]Teke, N.A., Kinge, T.R., Bechem, E.E.T., et al., 2018. Ethnomycological study in the Kilum-Ijim mountain forest, Northwest Region, Cameroon. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 14(25), 12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-018-0225-8 [31]Kinge, T.R., Egbe, E.A., Tabi, E.M., et al., 2013. The first checklists of macrofungi of Mount Cameroon.Mycosphere. 4(4), 694-699. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/4/4/5 [32]Kinge, T.R., Apalah, N.A., Nji, T.M., et al., 2017. Species richness and traditional knowledge of macrofungi (mushrooms) in the Awing Forest Reserve and communities, Northwest Region, Cameroon. Journal of Mycology. pp. 9. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2809239 [33]Ebika, S.T.N., Codjia, J.E.I., Yorou, N.S., et al., 2018. The wild edible mushrooms and indigenous knowledge of the people of Mbenzele and Ngombe from the Republic of Congo. Journal of Applied Biosciences. 126, 12675-12685. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jab.v126i1.5 [34]Awana, N.O., Tchuente, A.N.T., Kuyper, T.W., 2018. Biodiversity of the edible wild mushrooms of the humid forest of south Cameroon. Bois et Forets des Tropiques. 338(4), 87-99. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19182/bft2018.338.a31679 [35] Gryzenhout, M., Roets, F., Rian de Villiers, 2010. Fungal conservation in Africa. Mycologia Balcanica. 7, 43-48.