Sustainable Textile Industry: An Overview

Source:
By:Author(s)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.30564/nmms.v4i2.4707

Abstract:

The purpose of this study was to offer a general concept and overview of the textile industry’s environmental sustainability assessment. The textile and garment industries cause environmental damage at every stage of manufacturing, from the cultivation of raw materials through the disposal of finished goods. Chemical loading, high water consumption, high energy consumption, air pollution, solid waste, and odour creation are all key environmental concerns in the textile industry. To achieve sustainable production, it is necessary to examine the performance of the textile sector while considering the three elements of sustainability. To study and locate recent and related works, five keywords were used: environmental; sustainability; eco-design; manufacturer; supply chain management. All through the life cycle of textile products, the textile sector has a substantial environmental impact. This paper illustrates how the textile industry may use strategic ways to improve ecologically sustainable textile product usage and manufacturing. A discussion is focused on how to be increased sustainability in the textile industry. This paper introduces key principles for ecologically sustainable business practices to consider (e.g., eco-design, corporate social responsibility, and green supply chain management). It is critical that all stakeholders in the textile industry, including consumers, producers, environmental protection is emphasized in the manufacture and use of textile goods by the distribution chain and customers.

References:

[1]Toprak, T., Anis, P., 2017. Textile industry’s environmental effects and approaching cleaner production and sustainability, an overview. Journal of Textile Engineering & Fashion Technology. 2(4). DOI: https://doi.org/10.15406/JTEFT.2017.02.00066 [2]Zhang, Y., Liu, X., Xiao, R., et al., 2015. Life cycle assessment of cotton T-shirts in China. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. 20(7), 994–1004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/S11367-015-0889-4 [3]Adams, C.A., Frost, G.R., 2008. Integrating sustainability reporting into management practices. Accounting Forum. 32(4), 288–302. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ACCFOR.2008.05.002 [4]Adidas, H&M Among the World’s Most Sustainable Corporations - Fashionista. https://fashionista. com/2016/01/most-sustainable-fashion-companies (Accessed Mar. 04, 2022). [5]Structural Evaluation of Lightweight Concrete Produced Using Waste Newspaper and Office Paper - Covenant University Repository. http://eprints. covenantuniversity.edu.ng/2727/#.YiJLLehBxPY (Accessed Mar. 04, 2022). [6]Roy Choudhury, A.K., 2014. Environmental Impacts of the Textile Industry and Its Assessment Through Life Cycle Assessment. pp. 1–39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-110-7_1 [7]Bilgin, A., 2015. Analysis of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Directive and the EIA decision in Turkey. Environmental Impact Assessment Review. 53, 40–51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EIAR.2015.04.001 [8]Lee, K.E., 2017. Environmental Sustainability in the Textile Industry. pp. 17–55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2639-3_3 [9]Bangladesh returns to second position in RMG exports in 2021. https://www.textiletoday.com.bd/bangladesh-returns-second-position-rmg-exports-2021/ (Accessed Jun. 13, 2022). [10]Gardetti, M.A., Muthu, S.S., 2015. Sustainable apparel? Is the innovation in the business model? - The case of IOU Project. Textiles & Clothing Sustainability. 1(1), 1–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/S40689-015-0003-0 [11]Khan, M.M.R., Islam, M.M., 2015. Materials and manufacturing environmental sustainability evaluation of apparel product: knitted T-shirt case study. Textiles & Clothing Sustainability. 1(1), 1–12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/S40689-015-0008-8 [12]Choudhury, A.K.R., 2017. Sustainable chemical technologies for textile production. Sustainable Fibres and Textiles. pp. 267–322. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102041-8.00010-X [13]Global fashion e-com market to reach $668.1 bn in 2021: Report - Fibre2Fashion. https://www.fibre2fashion.com/news/e-commerce-industry/global-fashion-ecom-market-to-reach-668-1-bn-in-2021-report-273633- newsdetails.htm (Accessed Jun. 13, 2022). [14]Moore, S.B., Wentz, M., 2009. Eco-labeling for textiles and apparel. Sustainable Textiles. pp. 214–230. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1533/9781845696948.2.214 [15]Mashiur, M., Khan, R., Islam, M., 2011. Materials and manufacturing environmental sustainability evaluation of apparel product: knitted T-shirt case study. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40689-015-0008-8 [16]de Abreu, M.C.S., 2015. Perspectives, Drivers, and a Roadmap for Corporate Social Responsibility in the Textile and Clothing Industry. pp. 1–21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-164-0_1 [17]Samanta, K., Basak, S., Chattopadhyay, S., 2015. Sustainable UV-Protective Apparel Textile. Handbook of Sustainable Apparel Production. pp. 128– 155. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/B18428-10 [18]https://www.forbes.com/sites/jamesconca/2015/12/03/making-climate-change-fashionable-the-garment-industry-takes-on-global-warming/%232af0bac778a2/?sh=4d881740893b (Accessed Mar. 11, 2022). [19]The influence of CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) communication on brand perceived value and trust: the case of SME in the food industry. https:// www.researchgate.net/publication/297731947_The_ influence_of_CSR_Corporate_Social_Responsibility_communication_on_brand_perceived_value_ and_trust_the_case_of_SME_in_the_food_industry (Accessed Jun. 13, 2022). [20]Lee, K.E., 2017. Environmental Sustainability in the Textile Industry. pp. 17–55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2639-3_3 [21]Chapple, W., Moon, J., 2005. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) in Asia a seven-country study of CSR Web site reporting. Business & Society. 44(4), 415–441. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650305281658 [22]Ahmed, S., Akter, T., Ma, Y., 2018. Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) Performance Implemented by the Textile Industry of Gazipur District, Dhaka. Logistics. 2(4), 21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/LOGISTICS2040021 [23]Why consumers buy green. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230753628_Why_consumers_ buy_green (Accessed Jun. 13, 2022). [24]Van Hoek, R.I., 1999. From reversed logistics to green supply chains. Supply Chain Management. 4(3), 129–134. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13598549910279576/ FULL/XML [25]Zhu, Q., Cote, R.P., 2004. Integrating green supply chain management into an embryonic eco-industrial development: a case study of the Guitang Group. Journal of Cleaner Production. 12(8–10), 1025–1035. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2004.02.030 [26]Zhu, Q., Sarkis, J., hung Lai, K., 2007. Initiatives and outcomes of green supply chain management implementation by Chinese manufacturers. Journal of Environmental Management. 85(1), 179–189. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2006.09.003 [27]Khan, M.M.R., Islam, M.M., 2015. Materials and manufacturing environmental sustainability evaluation of apparel product: knitted T-shirt case study. Textiles & Clothing Sustainability. 1(1), 1–12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/S40689-015-0008-8 [28]Wang, W., Bessède, J.L., 2015. Life cycle assessment of equipment for electricity transmission and distribution networks. Eco-Friendly Innovation in Electricity. pp. 123–133. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-78242-010-1.00006-9 [29]Macdonald, E.F., She, J., 2015. Seven cognitive concepts for successful eco-design. Journal of Cleaner Production. 92, 23–36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2014.12.096 [30]Jackson, S.A., Gopalakrishna-Remani, V., Mishra, R., et al., 2016. Examining the impact of design for environment and the mediating effect of quality management innovation on firm performance. International Journal of Production Economics. 173, 142–152. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJPE.2015.12.009 [31]What is ecodesign? https://www.nibusinessinfo.co.uk/ content/what-ecodesign (Accessed Mar. 11, 2022). [32]Cimatti, B., Campana, G., Carluccio, L., 2017. Eco Design and Sustainable Manufacturing in Fashion: A Case Study in the Luxury Personal Accessories Industry. Procedia Manufacturing. 8, 393–400. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PROMFG.2017.02.050 [33]H&M pledges to become 100% circular and renewable. https://www.textiletoday.com.bd/hm-pledges-become-100-circular-renewable/ (Accessed Jun. 13, 2022). [34]Roadmap to Sustainable Textiles and Clothing: Regulatory Aspects and ... - Google Books. https:// books.google.com.bd/books?hl=en&lr=&id=j5LFBAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA137&dq=Roy+Choudhury+AK+(2015)+Development+of+eco-labels+- for+sustainable+textiles,+Roadmap+to+Sustainable+- Textiles+and+Clothing,+Text+Sci+Clothing+Technol+137–173&ots=7w5IJaqbmD&sig=jXnZK_ g_pRG4tFu2GLjoAlLJ-go&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false (Accessed Mar. 12, 2022). [35]UNEP : United Nations Environment Programme – Office of the Secretary-General’s Envoy on Youth. https://www.un.org/youthenvoy/2013/08/unep-united-nations-environment-programme/ (Accessed Jun. 13, 2022). [36]Choi, J.I., Chung, Y.J., Kang, D.I., et al., 2012. Effect of radiation on disinfection and mechanical properties of Korean traditional paper, Hanji. Radiation Physics & Chemistry. 81(8), 1051–1054. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RADPHYSCHEM.2011.11.019 [37]van der Velden, N.M., Kuusk, K., Köhler, A.R., 2015. Life cycle assessment and eco-design of smart textiles: The importance of material selection demonstrated through e-textile product redesign. Materials & Design. 84, 313–324. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MATDES.2015.06.129 [38]Jang, Y.S., Amna, T., Hassan, M.S., et al., 2015. Nanotitania/mulberry fibers as novel textile with anti-yellowing and intrinsic antimicrobial properties. Ceramics International. 41(5), 6274–6280.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CERAMINT.2015.01.050 [39]Martinopoulos, G., Tsilingiridis, G., Kyriakis, N., 2007. Three eco-tool comparison with the example of the environmental performance of domestic solar flat plate hot water systems. Globalnest International Journal. 9(2), 174–181. [40]Vallet, F., Eynard, B., Millet, D., et al., 2013. Using eco-design tools: An overview of experts’ practices. Design Studies. 34(3), 345–377. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.DESTUD.2012.10.001 [41]Rajemi, M.F., Mativenga, P.T., Aramcharoen, A., 2010. Sustainable machining: Selection of optimum turning conditions based on minimum energy considerations. Journal of Cleaner Production. 18(10–11), 1059–1065. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2010.01.025 [42]5 ways textile manufacturers can reduce their environmental impact. https://www.textiletoday.com. bd/5-ways-textile-manufacturers-can-reduce-environmental-impact/ (Accessed Mar. 14, 2022). [43]5 ways textile manufacturers can reduce their environmental impact. https://www.textiletoday.com. bd/5-ways-textile-manufacturers-can-reduce-environmental-impact/ (Accessed Jun. 13, 2022). [44]Environmental impacts of textile industries. https:// www.researchgate.net/publication/284578601_Environmental_impacts_of_textile_industries (Accessed Jun. 13, 2022). [45]How companies can source nylon more sustainably. https://www.greenbiz.com/article/how-companiescan-source-nylon-more-sustainably (Accessed Jun. 14, 2022). [46]Water efficiency in textile processes - Fibre2Fashion. https://www.fibre2fashion.com/industry-article/3406/ water-efficiency-in-textile-processe (Accessed Jun. 14, 2022). [47]Fast Fashion Definition. https://www.investopedia. com/terms/f/fast-fashion.asp (Accessed Jun. 14, 2022). [48]Caro, F., Martìnez-De-Albèniz, V., 2015. Fast fashion: Business model overview and research opportunities. International Series in Operations Research & Managemant Science. 223, 237–264. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-7562-1_9/COVER/ [49]Byun, S.E., Sternquist, B., 2011. Fast fashion and in-store hoarding: The drivers, moderator, and consequences. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal. 29(3), 187–201. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0887302X11411709 [50]Kant, R., 2011. Textile dyeing industry an environmental hazard. Natural Science. (1), 22–26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/NS.2012.41004 [51]Ali, I., Kim, S.R., Kim, S.P., et al., 2016. Recycling of textile wastewater with a membrane bioreactor and reverse osmosis plant for sustainable and cleaner production. Desalination and Water Treatment. 57(57), 27441–27449. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2016.1172513 [52]5 ways textile manufacturers can reduce their environmental impact. https://www.textiletoday.com. bd/5-ways-textile-manufacturers-can-reduce-environmental-impact/ (Accessed Jun. 14, 2022). [53]4 Examples of New Wastewater Treatment Technology. https://aosts.com/4-exciting-new-technologies-associated-wastewater-treatment/ (Accessed Jun. 14, 2022). [54]Kelly, M.R., Lant, N.J., Kurr, M., et al., 2019. Importance of Water-Volume on the Release of Microplastic Fibers from Laundry. Environmental Science and Technology. 53(20), 11735–11744. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ACS.EST.9B03022 [55]Textiles: Environmental issues and sustainability - Textile School. https://www.textileschool.com/4919/ textiles-environmental-issues-and-sustainability/ (Accessed Jun. 15, 2022). [56]Environmental sustainability in Bangladesh RMG industry. https://www.textiletoday.com.bd/environmental-sustainability-bangladesh-rmg-industry/ (Accessed Mar. 14, 2022). [57]Zaman, K., el Moemen, M.A., 2017. Energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions and economic development: Evaluating alternative and plausible environmental hypothesis for sustainable growth. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 74, 1119–1130. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2017.02.072 [58]Masoud, A.A., 2020. Renewable energy and water sustainability: lessons learnt from TUISR19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08504-x [59]Herraiz, L., Hogg, D., Cooper, J., et al., 2015. Reducing water usage with rotary regenerative gas/gas heat exchangers in natural gas-fired power plants with post-combustion carbon capture. Energy. 90, 1994–2005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENERGY.2015.07.032 [60]Li, J., Zhang, M., Li, J., et al., 2018. RETRACTED: Corn stover pretreatment by metal oxides for improving lignin removal and reducing sugar degradation and water usage. Bioresource Technology. 263, 232–241. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2018.05.006 [61]Worrell, E., Allwood, J., Gutowski, T., 2016. TheRole of Material Efficiency in Environmental Stewardship. Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 41, 575–598. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-110615-085737 [62]Zhang, Y., 2018. Urban metabolism. Encyclopedia of Ecology. pp. 441–451. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548- 9.10756-0 [63]Becerra, P., Mula, J., Sanchis, R., 2022. Sustainable Inventory Management in Supply Chains: Trends and Further Research. Sustainability. 14(5). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052613 [64]Daud, S., Yusof, N., Mokhtar, M., 2019. The Effectiveness of the Environmental Management System (EMS) Implementation in Green Supply Chain: A Case Study. KnE Social Sciences. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18502/KSS.V3I22.5105 [65]Visa, I., 2014. Sustainable Energy in the Built Environment - Steps Towards nZEB. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09707-7 [66]Hashem, M., Refaie, R., Hebeish, A., 2005. Crosslinking of partially carboxymethylated cotton fabric via cationization. Journal of Cleaner Production. 13(9), 947–954. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2004.05.002 [67]Environmental aspects of textile industries in Bangladesh. https://www.textiletoday.com.bd/textile-industries-in-bangladesh-a-rising-environmental-degradation/ (Accessed Mar. 14, 2022). [68]Wool fiber - Basics, Characteristics, & Properties - Textile School. https://www.textileschool. com/162/wool-fiber-basics-characteristics-properties/ (Accessed Jun. 15, 2022). [69]Infante, I., Morel, M.A., Ubalde, M.C., et al., 2010. Wool-degrading Bacillus isolates: Extracellular protease production for microbial processing of fabrics. World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology. 26(6), 1047–1052. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/S11274-009-0268-Z [70]Moazzem, S., Crossin, E., Daver, F., et al., 2021. Environmental impact of apparel supply chain and textile products. Environment, Development and Sustainability. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/S10668-021-01873-4 [71]Negrete, J.D.C., López, V.N., 2020. A Sustainability Overview of the Supply Chain Management in Textile Industry. International Journal Trade, Economics and Finance. 11(5), 92–97. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18178/IJTEF.2020.11.5.673 [72]Supply Chain and its Environmental Impact. https:// www.morethanshipping.com/supply-chain-and-its-environmental-impact/ (Accessed Mar. 19, 2022). [73]Environmental sustainability in Bangladesh RMG industry. https://www.textiletoday.com.bd/environmental-sustainability-bangladesh-rmg-industry/ (Accessed Jun. 15, 2022). [74]Impact of green supply chain management practices on organizational performance : a review. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/IMPACTOF-GREEN-SUPPLY-CHAIN-MANAGEMENTPRACTICES-%3A-Sharma-Jain/f2d37f7e1113715ea57f302b1c5ddaab0938ed69 (Accessed Jun. 15, 2022). [75]Green supply chain management - Designing Buildings. https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/ Green_supply_chain_management (Accessed Jun. 15, 2022). [76]The Role of Sustainability in Supply Chain Management. https://www.prologis.com/what-we-do/ resources/sustainability-in-supply-chain-management (Accessed Mar. 19, 2022). [77]Benefits of Sustainable Logistics Solutions. https:// blog.ptvgroup.com/en/transport-logistics/sustainable-logistics-solutions/ (Accessed Mar. 19, 2022). [78]Five benefits of a sustainable supply chain - Supply Management. https://www.cips.org/supply-management/opinion/2019/july/five-benefits-of-a-sustainable-supply-chain/ (Accessed Mar. 19, 2022). [79]Moldan, B., Janoušková, S., Hák, T., 2012. How to understand and measure environmental sustainability: Indicators and targets. Ecological Indicators. 17, 4–13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECOLIND.2011.04.033 [80]Bocken, N., Boons, F., Baldassarre, B., 2019. Sustainable business model experimentation by understanding ecologies of business models. Journal of Cleaner Production. 208, 1498–1512. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2018.10.159 [81]Silva, E.S., Hassani, H., Madsen, D.Ø., 2020. Big Data in fashion: transforming the retail sector. Journal of Business Strategy. 41(4), 21–27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JBS-04-2019-0062 [82]Lee, K.E., 2017. Environmental Sustainability in the Textile Industry. pp. 17–55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2639-3_3 [83]Globalization and its impact on retail industry. https://yangunt2012.wordpress.com/2012/02/03/ smhm2350/ (Accessed Jun. 15, 2022). [84]Greentailing and Other Revolutions in Retail: Hot Ideas That Are Grabbing ... - Neil Z. Stern, Willard N. Ander - Google Books. https://books.google.com.bd/books?hl=en&lr=&id=8SOWAAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA1885&dq=Stern+N-Z,+Ander+W-N+(2008)+Greentailing+and+other+revolutions+in+re - tail:+hot+ideas+that+are+grabbing+customer’s+attention+and+raising+profits.+Wiley,+Hoboken,+New+Jersey&ots=mO9Ug9jITH&sig=UyRSuSvBFsbpiTeG8k94XuYgM90&redir_ esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false (Accessed Mar. 19, 2022). [85]Bahuguna, V., 2012. Retail industry overview: future prospects in indian market. International Journal of Management Research and Review. 2(11). (Accessed Jun. 15, 2022). Available: www.ijmrr.com. [86]Ferraro, C., 2022. Greentailing’: A key to thriving in recession?’ On-the-go (OTG) View project When and How Consumers are Willing to Exchange Data with Retailers: An Exploratory Segmentation View project. (Accessed: Jun. 15, 2022). Available: https:// www.researchgate.net/publication/228461278. [87]Sharma, N., Campus, D., Kesharwani, S., 2017. Greentailing and Green Consumer. [88]Greentailing and Other Revolutions in Retail: Hot Ideas That Are Grabbing ... - Neil Z. Stern, Willard N. Ander - Google Books. https://books. google.com.bd/books?hl=en&lr=&id=8SOWAAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA1885&d - q=Stern+N-Z,+Ander+W-N+(2008)+Greentailing+and+other+revolutions+in+retail:+hot+ideas+ that+are+grabbing+customer’s+attention+and+ raising+profits.+Wiley,+Hoboken,+New+Jersey&ots=mO9Ug9jMSA&sig=XImzYg3IGPcBDTPR1uAx7q36sXo&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=- false (Accessed Mar. 19, 2022). [89]Young, C.L., Rotherham, D., Johnson, D.D., et al., 2013. Small-Scale Variation in Reproduction and Abundance of Greentail Prawn, Metapenaeus Bennettae Racek and Dall, 1965. Journal of Crustacean Biology. 33(5), 651–659. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/1937240X-00002172 [90]The awaring of the green: ‘greentailing’ is retailers’ latest marketing strategy. https://agris.fao.org/ agris-search/search.do?recordID=US19930001144 (Accessed Jun. 15, 2022). [91]Renko, S., Stern, N.Z., Ander, W.N., 2015. Prikaz knjige Naslov: ‘greentailing and other revolutions in retail: hot ideas that are grabbing customers’’ attention and raising profits” Autori: sintetizirani prikaz djela Opseg i raspored grae.’ [92]Sustainability in the Textile Industry - Google Books. https://books.google.com.bd/books?id= s6hDDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA54&dq=Sam - sung+C%26T+(2016)+Company+press+kit.+Seoul, +Korea:+Shim,+M.+Santoni+(N.D.)+Seamless+technology.+http://www.santoni.com/ seamless-technology.asp.+Accessed+11+Feb+2016&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiyoZ-elNL2AhXOzjgGHZGqACIQ6AF6BAgIEAI#v=onepage&q=Samsung C%26T (2016) Company press kit. Seoul%2C Korea%3A Shim%2C M. Santoni (N.D.) Seamless technology. http%3A%2F%2Fwww.santoni.com%2Fseamless-technology.asp. (Accessed Mar. 19, 2022). [93]Berger, J., Heath, C., 2007. Where Consumers Diverge from Others: Identity Signaling and Product Domains. Journal of Consumer Research. 34(2), 121–134. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/519142 [94]Tokatli, N., 2008. Global sourcing: insights from the global clothing industry—the case of Zara, a fast fashion retailer. Journal of Economic Geography. 8(1), 21–38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/JEG/LBM035 [95]Fast vs Slow Fashion - Fibre2Fashion. https://www. fibre2fashion.com/industry-article/8460/fast-vsslow-fashion (Accessed Jun. 15, 2022). [96]Joy, A., Sherry, J.F., Venkatesh, A., et al., 2012. Fast fashion, sustainability, and the ethical appeal of luxury brands. Fashion Theory The Journal of Dress Body & Culture. 16(3), 273-295. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2752/175174112X133407497 07123 [97]Fletcher, K., 2010. Slow Fashion: An Invitation for Systems Change. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2752/175693810X127746253 87594 [98]The Slow Fashion Movement: 10 Brands That Are Doing it Right - Fashionista. https://fashionista. com/2012/12/the-slow-fashion-movement-what-it-isand-the-10-brands-that-are-doing-it-right (Accessed Mar. 19, 2022). [99]Why Brands and Retailers Are Running With the ‘Slow Fashion’ Movement. https://www.forbes.com/ sites/aliciaadamczyk/2014/11/20/why-brands-andretailers-are-running-with-the-slow-fashion-movement/?sh=4a8c4bf7c642 (Accessed Mar. 19, 2022). [100]Conscious consumption is the trend of the future. https://www.thedailystar.net/life-living/news/conscious-consumption-the-trend-the-future-2190701 (Accessed Jun. 15, 2022). [101]Trash Talking: Textile Recycling. https://waste-management-world.com/artikel/trash-talking-textile-recycling/ (Accessed Mar. 19, 2022). [102] Where Does Discarded Clothing Go? - The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/business/ archive/2014/07/where-does-discarded-clothinggo/374613/ (Accessed Mar. 19, 2022).