Antecedents of Microblogging Users' Purchase Intention Toward Ce-lebrities' Merchandise: Perspectives of Virtual Community and Fan Economy
Source: By:Aoyi Yang, KyuJin Shim
DOI: https://doi.org/10.30564/jpr.v2i2.1646
Abstract:Over the last few decades, cross-fertilization between marketing and fan-dom studies in a mediated world has been rare, hindering the knowledge development for marketing practitioners in the Chinese fan economy context. The purpose of this study is to find and establish a conceptual framework that includes Online Interaction (OI), Parasocial Relationships (PSR) and virtual fan communities on Weibo, and how these contributory factors embedded in the interplay process of digital fandom practices in terms of enhancing fans’Purchase Intention (PI) and media consumption behaviours toward the celebrities’ merchandise. Using an online survey instrument, this research collected 294 completed responses from fans who had online interactions with celebrities and engagement of virtual fan communities on Weibo. Key results and findings provided a clear framework of four antecedents based on the conceptual model and indi-cated that the high intensity of OI led to higher levels of the perception of PSR and the Sense of Virtual Community (SOVC). Increased PSR and the SOVC can be seen as significant positive predictors of the PI (a part of consumer identity construction as a fan) also. This study revealed the underlying mechanism of an emerging marketing genre, also provide use-ful implications of audiences’digital marketing practices for marketers, celebrities and policymakers.
References:[1] Murray, S. and Laurie, O.. “Reality TV: Remaking Television Culture edited by Laurie Ouellette and Susan Murray (New York University Press, 2004)”. Quarterly Review of Film & Video, 2006, 23:443-448. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10509200690902241. [2] Beck, D., Hellmueller, L. C., and Aeschbacher, N.. “Factual Entertainment and Reality TV”. Communication Research Trends, 2012, 312: 4–27. Retrieved from https://search-ebscohost-com.ezp.lib.unimelb.edu.au/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ufh&AN=77472340&site=eds-live&scope=site. [3] Chung, S. and Cho, H.. “Parasocial relationship via reality TV and social media: its implications for celebrity endorsement”. Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Interactive Experiences for TV and Online Video, ACM, 2014: 47-54. [4] Dholakia, U. M., Bagozzi, R. P., and Pearo, L. K.. “A social influence model of consumer participation in network-and small-group-based virtual communities”. International Journal of Researching Marketing, 2004, 3, 241. Retrieved from https://search-ebscohost-com.ezp.lib.unimelb.edu.au/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsbl&AN=RN155798684&site=eds-live&scope=site. [5] Horton, D., & Wohl, R.. “Mass communication and para-social interaction: Observations on intimacy at a distance”. Psychiatry,1956,19(3):215-229. Retrieved from https://search-ebscohost-com.ezp.lib.unimelb.edu.au/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mnh&AN=13359569&site=eds-live&scope=site. [6] Rubin, R. B., and McHugh, M. P.. “Development of parasocial interaction relationships”. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 1987, 3: 279. Retrieved from https://search-ebscohost-com.ezp.lib.unimelb.edu.au/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsgao&AN=edsgcl.5153163&site=eds-live&scope=site. [7] Cai, J.. Produce 101 Begins a Wave of Interest in Chinese Idol Groups. Pandaily Opinion, 2018. Retrieved from https://pandaily.com/produce-101-begins-a-wave-of-interest-in-chinese-idol-groups/. [8] Canaves, S.. CBI News Wrap: Alibaba’s Idle Fish, Tencent’s Rocket Girls,Placing Products in the Past. ChinaFilmInsider, 2019. Retrieved from http://chinafilminsider.com/cbi-news-wrap-august-19-2019/. [9] Chitrakorn, K.. Chinese Reality Shows Boost Brands. Business of Fashion, BoF Professional, 2017. Retrieved from https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/global-currents/chinese-reality-shows-boost-brands. [10] Larsen, K.. ed. Fan culture: Theory/practice. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2012: 14-37 . [11] Kington, C. S.. “Con Culture: A Survey of Fans and Fandom.” Journal of Fandom Studies 3, no. 2 (June 2015): 211. Retrieved from https://search-ebscohost-com.ezp.lib.unimelb.edu.au/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edb&AN=103531152&site=eds-live&scope=site. [12] Ford, S.. “Fan Studies: Grappling with an ‘Undisciplined’ Discipline.” Journal of Fandom Studies 2, no.1 (April 2014): 53. Retrieved from https://searchebscohostcom.ezp.lib.unimelb.edu.au/login.aspxdirect=true&db=edb&AN=95342035&site=eds-live&scope=site. [13] Jenkins H. Convergence culture: where old and new media collide. New York: New York UP, 2008. [14] Jenkins, H.. Textual poachers: Television fans and participatory culture. Routledge, 2012. [15] Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I.. Understanding attitudes and predicting social behaviour, 1980. [16] Ballantine, P. W., and B. A. S. Martin.. “Forming Parasocial Relationships in Online Communities.” ADVANCES IN CONSUMER RESEARCH, 2005:197. Retrieved from https://search-ebscohostcom.ezp.lib.unimelb.edu.au/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsbl&AN=CN058950920&site=eds-live&scope=site. [17] Booth, P.. Digital fandom2.0: New media studies. New York: Peter Lang, 2012. [18] Yoon, TJ., ed. The Korean Wave: Evolution, Fandom, and Transnationality. Lexington Books, 2017: 135-136. [19] Fan, S.. “Authorities Vow to Protect Chinese Teens from Talent Shows and the Fan Economy”, 2018. Retrieved from https://radiichina.com/the-government-wants-to-protect-chinese-teens-from-talent-shows-and-the-fan-economy/ [20] Yin, Y., & Xie, Z.. “The Bounded Embodiment of Fandom in China: Recovering Shifting Media Experiences and Fan Participation Through an Oral History of Animation-Comics-Games Lovers”. International Journal of Communication, 2018, 12, 18. [21] Yang, L.. Reality talent shows in China. A Companion to Reality Television, Malden, MA: John Wiley & Sons, 2014, 516-40. [22] Fung, A.. Book review: Chinese Fans of Japanese and Korean Pop Culture: Nationalistic Narratives and International Fandom, 2018. [23] Go-Globe. Social Media In China – Statistics and Trends, 2013. Retrieved from https://www.go-globe.com/social-media-china/. [24] Ding, Y., and Qiu, L.. The impact of celebrity-following activities on endorsement effectiveness on microblogging platforms: A parasocial interaction perspective. Nankai Business Review International, 2017, 8(2):158-173. [25] Xinhua, Weibo reports robust Q2 user growth, Business & Company, 2019. Retrieved from http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201908/20/WS5d5ba19aa310cf3e35566d15.html. [26] Wan, V.. The Ultimate Guide to Sina Weibo: The Largest Micro-Blogging Platform in China, 2019. Retrieved from https://www.dragonsocial.net/blog/chinese-social-media-weibo-and-twitter-comparison/. [27] Gao, Q., Fabian, A., Geert-Jan H and Yong, Y.. “A Comparative Study of Users’ Microblogging Behaviour on Sina Weibo and Twitter.” In: Masthoff, J.; Mobasher, B.; Desmarais, M.; Nkambou, R. (Eds.), User Modeling, Adaptation, and Personalization: 20th International Conference, UMAP 2012, Montreal, Canada, July 16-20, 2012 Proceedings: 88-101. Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. [28] Gong, W., and Li, X.. Microblogging reactions to celebrity endorsement: effects of parasocial relationship and source factors. Chinese Journal of Communication, 2018: 1-19. [29] Kim, H., Ko, E., and Kim, J.. “SNS users' para-social relationships with celebrities: social media effects on purchase intentions”. Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science, 201525(3): 279-294. [30] Hou, M.. Fan communication on Weibo, Diggitmagazine, 2019. Retrieved from https://www.diggitmagazine.com/column/fan-communication-weibo. [31] Blanchard, A. L.. Developing a sense of virtual community measure. CyberPsychology & Behaviour, 2007, 10(6): 827-830. [32] Gray, J., Sandvoss, C., and Harrington, C. L. (Eds.).. Fandom: Identities and communities in a mediated world. NYU Press, 2017. [33] Cole, T., and Leets, L.. “Attachment styles and intimate television viewing: Insecurely forming relationships in a parasocial way”. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 1999, 16(4): 495-511. [34] Alperstein, N. M.. “Imaginary social relationships with celebrities appearing in television commercials”. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 1991,35(1): 43-58. [35] Auter, PJ.. “Psychometric: TV that talks back: An experimental validation of a parasocial interaction scale”. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media,1992, 36(2): 173-181. [36] Ballantine, P. W., and Martin, B. A. “Forming parasocial relationships in online communities”. ACR North American Advances, 2005. [37] Hoffner, C.. “Parasocial and online social relationships”. The handbook of children, media, and development, 2008:309-333. [38] Labrecque, L. I.. “Fostering consumer–brand relationships in social media environments: The role of parasocial interaction”. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 2014, 28(2):134-1. [39] Yuksel, M., & Labrecque, L. I.. “Digital buddies”: parasocial interactions in social media. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 2016,10(4):305. [40] Blanchard, A. L., and Markus, M. L.. “The experienced sense of a virtual community: Characteristics and processes”. Advances in Information Systems, 2004, 35(1): 64-79. [41] Bury, R.. “Technology, fandom and community in the second media age”. Convergence, 2017,23(6), 627-642. [42] Blanchard, A. L., & Markus, M. L.. The experienced sense of a virtual community: Characteristics and processes. Advances in Information Systems, 2004, 35(1): 64-79. [43] Highfield, T., Harrington S., and Bruns, A,.” Twitter as a technology for audiencing and fandom”. Information, Communication & Society,2013, 16: 315–339. [44] Koh, J., Kim, Y. G., and Kim, Y. G.. “Sense of virtual community: A conceptual framework and empirical validation”. International journal of electronic commerce, 2003, 8(2): 75-94. [45] Chen, D., Lou, H., and Van Slyke, C.. “Toward an understanding of online lending intentions: Evidence from a survey in China”. CAIS, 2015, 36, 17. [46] Nie, N. H., Hillygus, D. S., & Erbring, L.. Internet use, interpersonal relations, and sociability. The Internet in everyday life, 2002, 215-243. [47] Ridings, C. M., and Gefen, D.. “Virtual community attraction: Why people hang out online”. Journal of Computer-mediated communication, 2004, 10(1), JCMC10110. [48] Kavanaugh, A., Carroll, J. M., Rosson, M. B., Zin, T. T., and Reese, D, D. “Community networks: Where offline communities meet online”. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 2005, 10(4), JCMC10417. [49] Bond, B. J.. “Following Your ‘Friend’: Social Media and the Strength of Adolescents' Parasocial Relationships with Media Personae”. Cyberpsychology, Behaviour and Social Networking, 2016, 19(11): 656-660. [50] Blanchard, A. L., and Markus, M. L.. “The experienced sense of a virtual community: Characteristics and processes”. Advances in Information Systems, 2004, 35(1):64-79. [51] Boon, S. D., and Lomore, C. D.. “Admirer-celebrity relationships among young adults: Explaining perceptions of celebrity influence on identity”. Human communication research, 2001, 27(3), 432-465. [52] Schlosser, A. E., White, T. B., and Lloyd, S. M.. “Converting web site visitors into buyers: how web site investment increases consumer trusting beliefs and online purchase intentions”. Journal of Marketing, 2006,70(2): 133-148. [53] Schiffinan, L. G., and Kanuk, L. L.. Consumer behaviour (7th ed. ed.), 2000. Upper Saddler River, NJ: Prentice Hall; London : Prentice-Hall International. [54] Yang, K., and Jolly, L. D.. “The effects of consumer perceived value and subjective norm on mobile data service adoption between American and Korean consumers”. Journal of Retailing and Consumer services, 2009,16(6): 502-508. [55] Vivek, S. D., Beatty, S. E., and Morgan, R. M.. “Customer engagement: Exploring customer relationships beyond purchase”. Journal of marketing theory and practice, 2012, 20(2): 122-146. [56] Knoll, J., and Matthes, J.. “The effectiveness of celebrity endorsements: a meta-analysis”. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 2017, 45(1):55-75. [57] Bock, G. W., Zumd, R. W., Kim, Y. G. and Lee, J. N.. “Behavioural intention formation in knowledge sharing: Examining the roles of extrinsic motivators, social-psychological forces, and organizational climate”. MIS Quarterly, 2005, 29(1), pp. 87–111. [58] Chung, D.. “Something for nothing: understanding purchasing behaviours in social virtual environments”. Cyberpsychology & behaviour, 2005, 8(6): 538-554. [59] Nambisan, S.. “Designing virtual customer environments for new product development: Toward a theory”. Academy of Management review, 2002, 27(3): 392-413. [60] Guo, Y., and Barnes, S.. “Why people buy virtual items in virtual worlds with real money”. ACM SIGMIS Database: the DATABASE for Advances in Information Systems, 2007, 38(4): 69-76. [61] Beer, D,. and Roger B.. “Consumption, prosumption and participatory web cultures: An introduction”, 2010: 3-12. [62] Shin, D. H.. “Understanding purchasing behaviours in a virtual economy: Consumer behaviour involving virtual currency in Web 2.0 communities”. Interacting with computers, 2008, 20(4-5):433-446. [63] Lu, Y., Zhao, L., & Wang, B.. “From virtual community members to C2C e-commerce buyers: Trust in virtual communities and its effect on consumers’ purchase intention”. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 2010, 9(4):346-360. [64] Jia, X., Hung, K., & Zhang, K.. “Diversity of Fans on Social Media: The Case of Entertainment Celebrity in China”. In Exploring the Rise of Fandom in Contemporary Consumer Culture, 2018:163-184). IGI Global. [65] WJX, 2019. Retrieved from https://www.wjx.cn/. [66] Liu, L. L., Li, T. M., Teo, A. R., Kato, T. A., and Wong, P. W.. “Harnessing social media to explore youth social withdrawal in three major cities in China: Cross-sectional web survey”. JMIR mental health,2018 5(2), e34. [67] Wrench, J. S., Thomas-Maddox, C., Richmond, V. P., and McCroskey, J. C.. Quantitative research methods for communication: A hands-on approach, 2008. Oxford University Press, Inc. [68] Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C.. “The benefits of Facebook “friends:” Social capital and college students’ use of online social network sites”. Journal of computer-mediated communication, 2007 12(4):1143-1168. [69] Rubin, A. M., Perse, E. M., & Powell, R. A.. “Loneliness, parasocial interaction, and local television news viewing”. Human Communication Research,1985 12(2):155-180. [70] Burnett, G., & Buerkle, H.. “Information exchange in virtual communities: A comparative study”. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 2004, 9(2), JCMC922. [71] Koh, J., Kim, Y. G., & Kim, Y. G.. “Sense of virtual community: A conceptual framework and empirical validation”. International journal of electronic commerce,2003 8(2): 75-94. [72] Koo, D. M., & Ju, S. H.. “The interactional effects of atmospherics and perceptual curiosity on emotions and online shopping intention”. Computers in Human Behaviour, 2010, 26(3): 377-388. [73] Schreiber, J. B., Nora, A., Stage, F. K., Barlow, E. A., and King, J.. “Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review”. The Journal of educational research, 2006, 99(6): 323-338. [74] Blunch, N..Introduction to structural equation modeling using IBM SPSS statistics and AMOS. Sage, 2012. [75] Raykov, T., & Marcoulides, G. A.. A first course in structural equation modeling. Routledge, 2012. [76] Hoyle, R. H.. The structural equation modeling for social and personality psychology. SAGE Publications Ltd, 2011. [77] Barrett, P.. “Structural equation modelling: Adjudging model fit”. Personality and Individual differences, 2007, 42(5): 815-824. [78] Carmines, E.G., and Zeller, R.A.. Reliability and validity assessment, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage,1979.. [79] DeVellis, R.F.. Scale development: Theory and applications, Newbury Park, CA: Sage,1991. [80] Fornell, C., and Larcker, D. F.. Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics, 1981. [81] McIver, J., and Carmines, E. G.. Unidimensional scaling, (No. 24). Sage, 1981. [82] Bollen, K. A., and Long, J. S.. Testing structural equation models. Sage,1993 (Vol. 154). [83] Bentler, P. M.. “Comparative fit indexes in structural models”. Psychological bulletin, 1990,107(2):238. [84] Arbuckle, J.L..Amos16.0 User’s Guide. Chicago, IL: SPSS Inc, 2007. [85] Raghunathan, R., & Corfman, K.. “Is happiness shared doubled and sadness shared halved? Social influence on enjoyment of hedonic experiences”. Journal of Marketing Research, 43(3), 2006:386-394. [86] Kirvesmies, T.. Parasocial relationships between Gen Z and social media endorsers, 2018 (Master's thesis). [87] Biau, D. J., Kernéis, S., & Porcher, R.. “Statistics in brief: the importance of sample size in the planning and interpretation of medical research”. Clinical orthopaedics and related research, 2008,466(9): 2282-2288. [88] Moon, M. A., Khalid, M. J., Awan, H. M., Attiq, S., Rasool, H., and Kiran, M.. “Consumer's perceptions of website's utilitarian and hedonic attributes and online purchase intentions: A cognitive–affective attitude approach”. Spanish Journal of Marketing-ESIC, 2017, 21(2):73-88. [89] Pate, S. S., and Adams, M.. “The influence of social networking sites on buying behaviours of millennials”. Atlantic Marketing Journal, 2013, 2(1):7. [90] Wyatt, S. M., Oudshoorn, N., and Pinch, T.. “Non-users also matter: The construction of users and non-users of the Internet. Now users matter”. The co-construction of users and technology, 2003:67-79. [91] Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., Podsakoff, N. P.. Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of applied psychology, 2003, 88(5): 879. [92] Malhotra, N. K., Kim, S. S., Patil, A.. Common method variance in IS research: A comparison of alternative approaches and a reanalysis of past research. Management science, 2006, 52(12): 1865-1883. [93] Liang, Y., Shen, W.. Fan economy in the Chinese media and. entertainment industry: How feedback from super fans can propel creative industries’ revenue. Global Media and China, 2016, 1(4): 331-349. [94] Stanfill, M., & Condis, M.. Fandom and/as Labor. Transformative Works and Cultures, 2014, 15.