Susceptibility of Economic Dipteran Fruit Flies to Entomopathogenic Nematodes

Source:
By:Mohamed Samir Tawfik Abbas

DOI: https://doi.org/10.30564/jzr.v2i1.2040

Abstract:

The present review article demonstrates laboratory and field evaluations of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) against different developmental stages of fruit flies. The virulence of the EPNs  differed clearly  even on the same insect species and / or by the same nematode species. Such differences might be attributed  to some reasons such as the method of treatment as well as the concentrations of the tested nematodes. Fruit flies are among the most important insect pests infesting vegetables and fruits causing considerable losses in the yields worldwide. In laboratory studies, the tested nematodes proved to be highly virulent to larvae as  percentage of  mortality may reach 100 %.  As for treated pupae, at different ages, the results are variable and controversially; some studies revealed their moderate or high susceptibility to nematode infection and others indicated low susceptibility or resistance to infection .Treated adults, or those emerged from treated larvae or pupae,  are also susceptible to infection.  In semi-field and field trials, EPNs proved to be successful for reducing the populations of some fruit flies with up to 85 % at concentrations not less than 100 infective juveniles (IJs) / cm² of soil. However, the field applications of commercial EPNs have been recommended to be 2.5 – 5 x 10⁹ IJs / ha (25-50 IJs/cm² of soil).

References:

(1)Gauglar,R.and Kaya,H.K. 1990. Entomopathogenic nematodes in biological control. Boca Raton,Florida,USA: CRC Press Inc., 365 pp. (2)Poinar,G.O. Jr. 1990. Taxonomy and biology of Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae. In: Gauglar,R. and Kaya,H.K.(eds) Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Biological Control. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida,USA: 23 – 61. (3)Georgis,R. 1992. Present and future prospects for entomopathogenic nematode products. Biocontrol Science and Technology,2: 83-99. (4)Akhurst, R.J. 1990. Safety to non-target invertebrates of nematodes of economically important pests, in: Safety of Microbial Insecticides (Laird,L.A.; Lacey,E.W. and Davidson E.W.,Eds) CRC Press, BacoRaton,FL,USA. pp. 233-240 . (5)Georgis,R. 1990. Commercialization of Steinernematid and heterorhabditid entomopathgenic nematodes. Brighton Crop Protection Conference – Pests and Diseases,1, 275-280. (6)Kaya,H.K. and Gauglar,R. 1993. Entomopathogenic nematodes. Ann.Rev.Entomol., 38: 181 – 206. (7)Georgis,R. and Hague,N.G.M. 1991. Nematodes as biological insecticides. Pesticide Outlook,2: 29-32. (8)Axtell,R.C. and Arends,J.J. 1990. Ecology and management of arthropod pests of poultry. Annual.Rev.Entomol.,35:101-126. (9)Malan,A.P. and Manrakhan,A. 2009. Susceptibility of Med.fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata and the natal fruit fly, C.rosa to EPNs. J.Invert.Pathol., 100(1): 47-49 (10)James,M.; Malan,A.P. and Addison,P. 2017. Surveying and screening South African EPNsfor the control of Ceratitis capitata Wied. Crop Protection, 115: 41-48. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2017 (11)Rhode,C.; Moino,A.; Carvalho,F. and da Silva,P. 2012. Selection of entomopathogenic nematodes for the control of the fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata. Agraria Ravista Brasileria de Celincias Agrilas (ISSN,online,1981-0997 (2012). (12)Minas,R.S.; Sauza,R.M.; Dolinski,C.; Carvallo,R.S. 2016. Potential of EPNs to control Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata soil stages. Nematoda.2016, 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322 (13)Campos-Herrera,R. and Gutierrez,C.2009. Screening Spanish isolates of steinernematid nematodes for use as biological control agents through laboratory and greenhouse studies. J.Inverteb.Pathol.,100: 100-105. (14)Gazit,Y.; Rossler,Y. and Glazer,I. 2000. Evaluation of entomopathogenic nematodes for the control of the Mediterranean fruit fly. Biocontrol Science and Technology,10: 157-164. (15)Nouh,G.M. 2001. EPNs as biological control agents against Ceratitis capitata. M.Sc. Thesis, Fac.Agric.,Zagazig Univ. pp. 122. (16)Nouh,G.M. and Hussein,M.A. 2014. The role of entomopathogenic nematodes as biocontrol agents against some tephritid flies. Advances in Biological Research,8(6): 301-306. (17)Abbas,M.S.T.; Nouh,G.M.; Abdel-Samad,S.S.M. and Negm,A.A. 2016. Infectivity of EPNs as bio-control agents to Spodoptera littoralis, Ceratitis capitata and Bactrocera zonata. Egypt.J.Biol.Pest Control,26(3); 609-613. (18)Ibrahim,A,A.; Solimann N.A.; Shams El-din,M.M.; Ramadan,N.F. and Farag,S.R. 2014. Entomopathogenic nematodes and fungi as bio-control agents for Bacterocera zonata and Ceratitis capitata. Egypt.J.Biol.Pest Control, 24(2): 497-502. (19)Soliman,N.A. 2007. Efficacy of Steinernemariobravis and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora against Bactrocera zonata and Ceratitis capitata. Egypt. J.Biol.Pest Control, 17(2): 77-82. (20)Ghalley, S.E. 1989. Pathogenecity of Steinernema feltiae in relation to different insect hosts. J.Egypt.Society of Parasitology,18: 297-304. (21)Lindegren, J.E. 1990. Field suppression of three fruit fly species with Steinernema carpocapsae. 5thIntern.Conf.Inverteb.Pathol.and Microbial Control, Adelaide, Australia, 20-24 August, 1990. (22)Abbas, M.S.T. and Mahmoud, B.A. 2009. On the pathogenicity of EPN, Steinernema riobravis to some economic insect pests. Egypt.J.Biol. Pest Control,19(1): 49-53. (23)Mahmoud, Y.A.; Ebadah,I.A.; Metwally,H.M.S. and Saleh,M.E. 2016. Controlling of larvae, pupae and adults of Bactrocera zonata with EPN, Steinernema feltiae. Egypt.J.Biol.Pest Control, 26(3): 615-617 . (24)Rashad,M.M.; El-Heneidy,A.H.; Djelouah.K.; Hassan,N. and Shaira,S.A. 2015. On the pathogenicity of entomopathogens to the peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata. Egypt.J.Biol.Pest Control, 25(3): 649-654. (25)Atallah,F.A. and Ewais, M.A. 2002. Preliminary investigation on the utilization of EPNs as biological control agents against the peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata. Egypt,J.Agric.Res.,80(3): 1045-1053. (26)Mahmoud, F.M. and Osman, M.A.M. 2006. Biological control of the peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata by using EPN, Steinernema feltiae crosses N 33. 9th Arab Conference of Plant Protection,19-23 November,2006, Damascus, Syria. (27)Abdel-Samad, S.S.M. and Aboul-Fadl, H.A.A. 2009. EPNs as bio-control agents for Spodoptera littoralis and Bactrocera zonata. J.Egypt.Ger.Soc.Zool.(58 E), Entomology: 71-81. (28)Saleh,M.M.E.; Metwally,H.M.S. and Mahmoud,Y.A. 2018. Potential of entomopathogenic nematode, Heterorhabditis marelatus in controlling the peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata. Egypt.J.Biol.Pest Control,28: 22 (29)Sirjani,F.O.; Lewis, E.E. and Kaya. H.K. 2009. Evaluation of EPNs against the olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae. Biological Control, 48: 274-280. (30)Torrini,G.; Mazza,G.; Benvenuti,C. and Roversi,P.F. 2017. Susceptibility of olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae to entomopathogenic nematodes. J.Plant Prot.Res.,57(3): 318-320. (31)Langford,E.A.;Nielsen,U.N.; Johnson,S.N. and Riegler,M. 2014. Susceptibility of fruit fly Bacterocera tryoni to EPNs. Biol.Control, 69: 34-39 . (32)Godjo,A.; Zadje,L.; Decraemer, W.; Afouda,L. 2017. Pathogenecity of indigenous EPNs from Benin against mango fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis under laboratory conditions. Biological Control. 2017. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2017. (33)Hussein,M.A.; El-Wakeil,N. and El-Sebai,T. 2006. Susceptibility of melon fruit fly, Dacus ciliatus to EPNs and to insecticides. Intern.J.Nematology,16(1): 13-18. (34)Kamali,S.; Karimi,J.; Hossini,M.; Herrera,C. and Duncan,L.W. 2013. Biocontrol potential of entomopathogenic nematodes, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema carpocapsae on cucurbit fly, Dacus ciliatus (Dipt.:Tephritidae). Biocontrol Science and Technology,23(11): 1307-1323. (35)Kepenikci, I.; Hazir, S. and Ozdem,A. 2015.Evaluation of native entomopathogenic nematodes for the control of the European cherry fruit fly Rhagoletis cerasi L. (Diptera: Tephritidae) larvae in soil. Turk.J.Agric.,39:74-79. (36)Patterson-Stark,J.E. and Lacey,L.A. 1999. Susceptibility of cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens to five species of EPNs in laboratory studies. J.Inverteb.Pathol.,74:206-208. (37)Yee,W.L. and Lacey,L.A. 2003. Stage-specific mortality of Rhagoletis indifference exposed to three species of Steinernema nematodes. Biological Control,27: 349-356. (38)Foelkel,E.; Monteiro,L.B. and Voss,M. 2016. Virulence of nematodes against larvae of South-American fruit fly in laboratory using soil. CienciaRural,Santa Maria,46(3): 405-410. (39)Beavers, J.B. and Calkins, C.O. 1984. Susceptibility of Anastrepha suspense (Dipt.:Tephretidae) to steinernematid and heterorhabditid nematodes. Environ.Entomol. 13: 137-139. (40)Heve,W.K.; El-Borai,F.E.; Carrillo,D. and Duncan,L.W. 2017. Biological control potential of EPNs for management of Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspense. Pest Management Science,73(6): 1220-1228. (41)Toledo,E.M.; Ibarra,J.E.; Liedoi,P.; Mezi,A.G. and Williams,T. 2005. Infection of Anastrepha ludens (Dipt.:Tephretidae) larvae by Heterorhabditis bacteriophora under laboratory and field conditions. Bio-control Science and Technology, 15: 627-634 . (42)El-Wakeil,N. and Volkmar,C. 2013. Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes against the fruit fly, Oscinella frit (Dipt.:Chloropidae) on spring wheat. J.Kulturpflanzen,65(1): 9-18. (43)Schroeder, P.C.; Ferguson, C.S.; Shelton, A.M.; Wilsey, W.T.; Hoffman, M.P. and Petzoldt, C. 1996. Greenhouse and field evaluations of cabbage maggot on cabbage .J.Econ.Entomol. 89(5): 1109-1115 . (44)Toledo,J. andWilliams,T. 2006. Infection of Anastrepha ludens following soil applications of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora in a mango orchard. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata,119(2): 155-162. (45)Barbosa-Negrosoli,C.R.C.; Garcia,M.S.; Dolinski,C.; Nigrisoli,A.S. and Nava,D.E. 2009. Efficacy of indigenous EPNs from Rio Grande do Sul Brazil against Anastrepha fraterculus in peach orchards. J.Enverteb.Pathol.,102: 6-13 . (46)Silva,A.C.; Patista,F.A.; Leite,L.G.; Tavares,F.M. and Scmidt,F.S. 2010. Effect of EPNs on the mortality of Ceratitis capitata and guava weevil, Conotrachelus psidii. Nematol.Bras,34: 31-40 . (47)Lebeck, L.M.;Gauglar, R.; Kaya, H.K.; Hara, A.H. and Johnson, M.W. 1993. Host stage suitability of the leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii to the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae. J.Invert.Pathol. 62: 58-63 . (48)Henneberry,J.;Lindegren,E.; Forlow, J. and Burke,R.A. 1995. Pink bollworm, cabbage looper and beet armyworm pupal susceptibility to steinernematid nematodes. J.Econ.Entomol.,88(2): 835-839.