Weathering of Wood and Rocks and the Role of Coating in Protection

Source:
By:Author(s)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.30564/nmms.v5i2.6090

Abstract:

This article explores the effect of weathering on the degradation of wood and rocks and discusses its prevention strategies and safety aspects. Weathering, including natural, enhanced, accelerated, silicates, polymer degradation and erosion is discussed in this article. Rocks weather naturally very slowly and gradually. Minerals weathering and silica-rich layer formation during single-stage and two-stage carbonation like serpentinization of rocks are discussed. A substantial amount of work has been performed for polymeric coatings globally to extend the life of coating surfaces. The ideal coating system would combine the advantages of performance offered by solvent-based coatings with the advantages offered by water-based coatings in the areas of environmental protection, health and safety. Weathering prevention will stop the wastage of materials.

References:

[1] AlKheder S, Almusalam A., 2022. Forecasting of carbon dioxide emissions from power plants in Kuwait using United States Environmental Protection Agency, Intergovernmental panel on climate change, and machine learning methods. Renewable Energy.191, 819-827. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.04.023. [2] Rashid MI., 2022. GHG Emissions and Role of Polymeric Materials in Mitigation. Non-Metallic Material Science. 4(1), 1-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30564/nmms.v4i1.4176 [3] Rashid MI, Yaqoob Z, Mujtaba MA., et.al., 2024. Carbon capture, utilization and storage opportunities to mitigate greenhouse gases. Heliyon. 10(3), e25419. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25419. [4] Varney, R.M., Chadburn, S.E., Friedlingstein, P., et al., 2020. A spatial emergent constraint on the sensitivity of soil carbon turnover to global warming. Nature Communications. 11, 5544. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19208-8 [5] Rashid MI, Yaqoob Z, Mujtaba MA., 2023. Developments in mineral carbonation for Carbon sequestration. Heliyon. 9(11), e21796. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21796. [6] Marrion, A.R., 2004. The chemistry and physics of coatings, 2nd ed. The Royal Society of Chemistry: Cambridge. [7] Fabiyi, J.S., McDonald, A.G., Wolcott, M.P., et al., 2008. Wood plastic composites weathering: Visual appearance and chemical changes. Polymer Degradation and Stability. 93(8), 1405–1414. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2008.05.024 [8] Evans, P.D., 2009. Review of the weathering and photostability of modified wood. Wood Material Science and Engineering. 4(1–2), 2–13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17480270903249391 [9] Tondi, G., Schnabel, T., Wieland, S., et al., 2013. Surface properties of tannin treated wood during natural and artificial weathering. International Wood Products Journal. 4(3), 150–157. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1179/2042645313Y.0000000047 [10] Reinprecht, L., Mamoňová, M., Pánek, M., et al., 2018. The impact of natural and artificial weathering on the visual, colour and structural changes of seven tropical woods. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products. 76, 175–190. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-017-1228-1 [11] Petrillo, M., Sandak, J., Grossi, P., et al., 2019. Chemical and appearance changes of wood due to artificial weathering—Dose-response model. Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy. 27(1), 26–37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0967033518825364 [12] Arpaci, S.S., Tomak, E.D., Ermeydan, M.A., et al., 2021. Natural weathering of sixteen wood species: Changes on surface properties. Polymer Degradation and Stability. 183, 109415. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109415 [13] Kropat, M., Hubbe, M.A., Laleicke, F., 2020. Natural, accelerated, and simulated weathering of wood: A review. BioResources. 15(4), 9998–10062. [14] Kamperidou, V., Barboutis, I., 2021. Natural weathering performance of thermally treated poplar and black pine wood. Maderas, Cienc. tecnol. 23. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0718-221x2021000100424 [15] Goll, D.S., Ciais, P., Amann, T., et al., 2021. Potential CO2 removal from enhanced weathering by ecosystem responses to powdered rock. Nature Geoscience. 14, 545–549. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00798-x [16] Rinder, T., von Hagke, C., 2021. The influence of particle size on the potential of enhanced basalt weathering for carbon dioxide removal—Insights from a regional assessment. Journal of Cleaner Production. 315, 128178. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128178 [17] Rashid, M.I., Ramzan, N., 2012. Urea synthesis hazard analysis: PHA, HAZOP and quantitative risk assessment. LAMBERT Academic Publishing: Saarbrucken. [18] Rashid, M.I., 2019. Mineral carbonation of CO2 using alternative feedstocks [Ph.D. thesis]. Callaghan: The University of Newcastle, Australia. [19] Benhelal, E., Rashid, M.I., Hook, J.M., et al. (editors), 2018. 29Si solid state MAS NMR study on the fate of silicon in mineral carbonation of serpentine: A journey from mining to end products. ACEME Conference; 2018 Mar 11–14; Newcastle, Australia. [20] Benhelal, E., Rashid, M.I., Rayson, M.S., et al. (editors), 2018. Synthesis and characterisation of reactive silica residues from mineral carbonation process. ACEME Conference; 2018 Mar 11–14; Newcastle, Australia. [21] Rashid, M.I., Benhelal, E., Anderberg, L., et al. (editors), 2018. Development of grinding media for aqueous mineral carbonation applications. ACEME Conference; 2018 Mar 11–14; Newcastle, Australia. [22] Rashid, M.I., Benhelal, E., Farhang, F., et al. (editors), 2018. Augmenting the magnesite yield produced during aqueous mineral carbonation of dunite rock. ACEME Conference; 2018 Mar 11–14; Newcastle, Australia. [23] Benhelal, E., Rashid, M.I., Rayson, M.S., et al., 2019. Direct aqueous carbonation of heat activated serpentine: Discovery of undesirable side reactions reducing process efficiency. Applied Energy. 242, 1369–1382. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.03.170 [24] Rashid, M.I., Benhelal, E., Farhang, F., et al. (editors), 2017. Systematic development of a concurrent grinding technique for application in aqueous mineral carbonation. Chemeca Conference; 2017 Jul 23–26; Melbourne, Australia. [25] Rashid, M.I., Benhelal, E., Rafiq, S., 2020. Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from gas, oil, and coal power plants in Pakistan by carbon capture and storage (CCS): A review. Chemical Engineering & Technology. 43(11), 2140–2148. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ceat.201900297 [26] Benhelal, E., Hook, J.M., Rashid, M.I., et al., 2021. Insights into chemical stability of Mg-silicates and silica in aqueous systems using 25Mg and 29Si solid-state MAS NMR spectroscopy: Applications for CO2 capture and utilisation. Chemical Engineering Journal. 420, 127656. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.127656 [27] M. Rayson GB, A. Cote, E. Kennedy, M. et al., Mineral Carbonation for CO2 storage and utilisation: From laboratory to pilot scale. Elizabeth & Frederick White Conference—Frontiers in Gas-Solid Processes from the Atomic Scale to the Parsec; 2018; Canberra, Australia. Available from: https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiHt4Ka6_qDAxVvTaQEHXMMAuQQFnoECBcQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fefwhiteconference2018.files.wordpress.com%2F2018%2F09%2F3rdcircular_efwhite2018_v2.pdf&usg=AOvVaw2lCi15pbGh6SFBQaLFH5Z3&opi=89978449 [28] Benhelal, E., Rashid, M.I., Rayson, M.S., et al., 2019. "ACEME": Synthesis and characterization of reactive silica residues from two stage mineral carbonation process. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy. 38(3), e13066. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.13066 [29] Rashid, M.I., Benhelal, E., Farhang, F., et al., 2019. ACEME: Direct aqueous mineral carbonation of dunite rock. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy. 38(3), e13075. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.13075 [30] Benhelal, E., Rashid, M.I., Holt, C., et al., 2018. The utilisation of feed and byproducts of mineral carbonation processes as pozzolanic cement replacements. Journal of Cleaner Production. 186, 499–513. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.076 [31] Benhelal, E., Shamsaei, E., Rashid, M.I., 2019. Novel modifications in a conventional clinker making process for sustainable cement production. Journal of Cleaner Production. 221, 389–397. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.02.259 [32] Rashid, M.I., Benhelal, E., Farhang, F., et al., 2019. Development of concurrent grinding for application in aqueous mineral carbonation. Journal of Cleaner Production. 212, 151–161. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.11.189 [33] Benhelal, E., Rashid, M.I., Rayson, M.S., et al., 2018. Study on mineral carbonation of heat activated lizardite at pilot and laboratory scale. Journal of CO2 Utilization. 26, 230–238. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2018.05.015 [34] Rashid, M.I., Benhelal, E., Farhang, F., et al., 2020. Application of a concurrent grinding technique for two-stage aqueous mineral carbonation. Journal of CO2 Utilization. 42, 101347. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2020.101347 [35] Rashid, M.I., Benhelal, E., Farhang, F., et al., 2021. Application of concurrent grinding in direct aqueous carbonation of magnesium silicates. Journal of CO2 Utilization. 48, 101516. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2021.101516 [36] Rashid, M., Naseem, S., Ramzan, N., 2014. Coal as an energy source for mitigating energy crisis in Pakistan. Journal of Engineering and Technology. 4(2), 127–134. [37] Rashid, M.I., Benhelal, E., Farhang, F., et al., 2020. Magnesium leachability of Mg-silicate peridotites: The effect on magnesite yield of a mineral carbonation process. Minerals. 10(12), 1091. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/min10121091 [38] Rashid, M.I., Ramzan, N., 2019. Fluid mechanics and heat-transfer operations combination involved in urea unit of fertilizer complex. Non-Metallic Material Science. 1(1), 5–10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30564/nmms.v1i1.515 [39] Rashid, M.I., Ali, C.H., Mukhtar, K., et al., 2021. Operational discipline in practice. Process Safety Progress. 40(2), e12207. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/prs.12207 [40] Rashid, M.I., Ramzan, N., Almas, Q., 2014. Incident investigation in Pakistan's fertilizer industry—Common safety management system failures and issues. Process Safety Progress. 33(4), 399–404. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/prs.11664 [41] Rashid, M.I., Ramzan, N., Iqbal, T., et al., 2013. Implementation issues of PSM in a fertilizer plant: An operations engineer's point of view. Process Safety Progress. 32(1), 59–65. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/prs.11553 [42] Rashid, M.I., Isah, U.A., Athar, M., et al., 2023. Energy and chemicals production from coal-based technologies: A review. ChemBioEng Reviews. 10(5), 841–851. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cben.202200023 [43] Farhat, I., Tabish, A.N., Raashid, M., et al., 2023. Performance analysis of monofacial and bifacial over-canal solar photovoltaic (PV) system and assessment of water and land conservation potential. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects. 45(3), 6981–6993. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2023.2217774 [44] Feist, W.C., Hon, D.N.S., 1984. Chemistry of weathering and protection. The chemistry of solid wood. American Chemical Society: Washington D.C. pp. 401–451. [45] Kishino, M., Nakano, T., 2004. Artificial weathering of tropical woods. Part 2: Color change. Holzforschung. 58(5), 558–565. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/HF.2004.085 [46] Nzokou, P., Kamdem, D.P., 2006. Influence of wood extractives on the photo-discoloration of wood surfaces exposed to artificial weathering. Color Research & Application. 31(5), 425–434. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/col.20248 [47] Lin, S., Theato, P., 2013. CO2-responsive polymers. Macromolecular Rapid Communications. 34(14), 1118–1133. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.201300288 [48] Jessop, P.G., Mercer, S.M., Heldebrant, D.J., 2012. CO2-triggered switchable solvents, surfactants, and other materials. Energy & Environmental Science. 5(6), 7240–7253. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C2EE02912J [49] Boniface, K.J., Dykeman, R.R., Cormier. A., et al., 2016. CO2-switchable drying agents. Green Chemistry. 18(1), 208–213. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C5GC01201E [50] Darabi, A., Jessop, P.G., Cunningham, M.F., 2016. CO2-responsive polymeric materials: Synthesis, self-assembly, and functional applications. Chemical Society Reviews. 45(15), 4391–4436. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CS00873E [51] Ho, J., Mudraboyina, B., Spence-Elder, C., et al., 2018. Water-borne coatings that share the mechanism of action of oil-based coatings. Green Chemistry. 20, 1899–1905. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C8GC00130H [52] Rashid, M.I., 2023. Editorial on emerging trends in polymeric materials research and applications. Non-Metallic Material Science. 5(1), 1–3. [53] Li, X., Ke, J., Wang, J., et al., 2018. Synthesis of a novel CO2-based alcohol amine compound and its usage in obtaining a water-and solvent-resistant coating. RSC Advances. 8, 8615–8623. [54] Çelebi, F., Aras, L., Gündüz, G., et al., 2003. Synthesis and characterization of waterborne and phosphorus-containing flame retardant polyurethane coatings. Journal of Coatings Technology. 75, 65–71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02757863 [55] Rashid, M.I., Athar, M., Mobeen, A., et al., 2023. Implementation guide for process safety management. Systems Engineering. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/sys.21732 [56] Rashid, M.I., Athar, M., Noor, F., et al., 2023. Behavior-based safety program for process industries. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics. 29(4), 1440–1450. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2022.2135282 [57] Hill Jr, R.H., Finster, D.C., 2016. Laboratory safety for chemistry students. John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken. [58] Keeling, C.D., Whorf, T.P., 2000. Atmospheric CO2 records from sites in the SIO air sampling network. Trends: A compendium of data on global change. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy: Oak Ridge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3334/CDIAC/ATG.012 [59] Rashid MI, Benhelal E, Abbas MM., 2024. A Critical Analysis on Transformation of Renewable Energy to Green Chemicals: Opportunities and Challenges. ChemBioEng Reviews. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cben.202300050. [60] Shaffer, G., 2010. Long-term effectiveness and consequences of carbon dioxide sequestration. Nature Geoscience. 3, 464–467. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo896 [61] Cipolla, G., Calabrese, S., Noto, L.V., et al., 2021. The role of hydrology on enhanced weathering for carbon sequestration II. From hydroclimatic scenarios to carbon-sequestration efficiencies. Advances in Water Resources. 154, 103949. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2021.103949 [62] Rashid, M.I., Benhelal, E., Anderberg, L., et al., 2022. Aqueous carbonation of peridotites for carbon utilisation: A critical review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 29, 75161–75183. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23116-3 [63] Rashid, M.I., Yaqoob, Z., Mujtaba, M.A., et al., 2023. Developments in mineral carbonation for Carbon sequestration. Heliyon. 9(11), e21796. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21796